The First Amendment And Technology - 1681 Words

4th Amendment and Technology Zach Caulum CRMJ 240 Professor Bushong 9/26/2015 Introduction In the twenty-first century there have been many advances in technology which grant us view of more places than we used to be able to see. But with that where do the boundaries lie when using said technology. The history of the Fourth amendment helps to shape how we think about certain issues today, because some of the earlier cases serve as a precedent for the modern fourth amendment cases. There are four different advances in technology that have caused some issues with the rights of the people but also with the rights of the state. These include the use of unmanned vehicles, the use of thermal imaging, the use of GPS surveillance, and how†¦show more content†¦In this case Boyd is being charged by State customs officials for â€Å"fraudulently importing thirty-five cases of plate glass into the port of New York†. (Fuqua, 2014, 6) The police and the government moved to seize the glass as forfeited to the U.S. They also wanted Boyd to produce an invoice on previous sh ipments he had. Boyd argued that the production of his private papers was against the Fourth amendment. The court decided in his favor and said that the search was unconstitutional. In 1961 the exclusionary rule was added to the fourth amendment and could be applied to the states. During the prohibition there was an increase in federal investigations, which also led to an increase in the amount of fourth amendment cases that the Supreme Court would handle. One case was United States v. Lee, where officials shined a spotlight on a boat which then revealed cases of liquor on the deck of the boat. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the officials saying â€Å"Such use of a searchlight is comparable to the use of a marine class or a field glass. It is not prohibited by the constitution.†(Fuqua, 2014, 8) U.S v. Lee was the first time the Supreme Court had ever dealt with a case that dealt with technology and the fourth amendment. The next case that confronted the U.S Supreme Court was Olmstead v. United States. In this case the question was proposed to the supreme court that whether or not the use of evidence from private telephone

Persuasive Techniques Used by Henry in Act Four Scene...

Persuasive Techniques Used by Henry in Act Four Scene Three in Shakespeares Henry V Henrys speech is well prepared; he uses various key features in a persuasive leader. Before Henry starts of he is able to turn weakness into strengths. He immediately identifies what is wrong with his soldiers, the larger French army. King Henry commences by giving his soldiers confident advice, he says if we are marked to die, we are enough to do our countrys loss. Essentially this means that the fewer who die the better for our country, because the less loss of lives. The key feature that Henry uses is that he never mentions the word lose. Since that is a negative expression. Soon after he talks about his†¦show more content†¦There becomes a strong turn around point in Henrys speech because he introduces the word death. This is a killer line. By saying honour is greater that death, Henry is mentioning that if no man dies with his king, he would not die for him, we would not die in that mans company that fears his fellowship to die with us. Another change in direction occu rs, this is when Henry will give a reward to any man who will fight besides him. Henry puts this into concrete terminology. This will create a vivid picture in the imaginations of the soldiers. This is an outstanding persuasive technique. Henry also encourages his soldiers to think of themselves as privileged to be present. They were about to make history. Henry draws an image of giving his soldiers fame and honour, since they will live longer than any man. He now comes back to the expression live, before he was referring to death. He even states that if a soldier dies he will still outlive this day, since his fame will last forever. Henry is basically offering his men immortality through fame. King Henry boosts morale in his men by giving them confidence of living pat the battle, he that outlives this day and come safe home. Henry mentions that any ordinary men will be familiar with the war if they fight and succeed. He takes the time toShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesof our daily reasoning is concerned not with arguments leading to truth-valued conclusions but with making choices, assessing reasons, seeking advice, etc. Dowden gets the balance and the emphasis right. Norman Swartz, Simon Fraser University v Acknowledgments For the 1993 edition: The following friends and colleagues deserve thanks for their help and encouragement with this project: Clifford Anderson, Hellan Roth Dowden, Louise Dowden, Robert Foreman, Richard Gould, Kenneth King, Marjorie

The Forbidden Game The Hunter Chapter 15 Free Essays

string(26) " hold his hands up, free\." â€Å"Yes,† Jenny said. Audrey gasped. â€Å"Jenny-for God’s sake. We will write a custom essay sample on The Forbidden Game: The Hunter Chapter 15 or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Jenny didn’t look at her. Tom made some movement. Jenny didn’t look his way, either. â€Å"Jenny †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Dee whispered. â€Å"It’s not worth it. I know your promises-you keep them. You’ll be trapped. Don’t do it for us.† Jenny turned, then. She looked straight into the dark eyes with the slightly amber-tinted whites. â€Å"Dee†¦ I’m sorry. I know you don’t understand-and I can’t explain it to you. But please believe me, I’m staying because I want to. Audrey, can’t you understand?† Audrey slowly shook her copper head, highlights flaring. â€Å"I don’t have a lot of real friends,† she said. â€Å"I don’t want to lose you.† â€Å"You’re going to anyway,† Jenny said. â€Å"This way is just easier on everyone. And I want to stay. I swear I do.† Dee had been staring at Jenny hard. Now, abruptly, her ebony face went blank. Walled off. Utterly without expression. â€Å"That’s right,† she said. â€Å"You have to look out for number one.† She nodded at Jenny, face grim, eyes meeting Jenny’s directly. â€Å"Go ahead, Sunshine. Good luck.† Jenny nodded back. If it hadn’t been manifestly impossible, she would have said the glitter in Dee’s eyes was tears. She turned back to Julian, who took the ring from her. â€Å"A short ceremony,† he said again. â€Å"Give me your hand.† A stained-glass lampshade threw blue and purple light over him. Jenny gave him her hand, felt that his was as cool as hers. â€Å"Oh, don’t,† Audrey said, as if involuntarily. Jenny didn’t move. â€Å"Seventeenth-century poesy ring, used to be given as tokens between lovers,† Julian explained, holding up the gold circlet. â€Å"With the inscription on the inside. It means you refuse all the world except the one who gives it to you. The words touch your skin and bind you with their power.† Jenny smiled at him. Tom stood slowly, his chains scraping up the sides of the clock with a sound like ball bearings rolling on wood. Julian ignored everything but Jenny. â€Å"Now you repeat after me. But remember-the promise is irrevocable.† With a slight, grave formality, he said, as if quoting: â€Å"This ring, the symbol of my oath, Will hold me to the words I speak: All I refuse and thee I choose.† Jenny repeated the words and felt the cool band slide onto her finger. Then she looked at it. It shone with a rich, warm light, as if it had always been there. â€Å"Now if we seal the bargain with a kiss, it becomes irrevocable,† Julian said again, looking down at her. As if giving her a last chance to back out. The circlet burned on Jenny’s finger like cold fire. Jenny turned her face up. She didn’t have to go far on tiptoe to kiss him. It was a soft kiss, but not a quick one. Julian was the one who lifted his head from it. â€Å"Sworn mine,† he whispered. â€Å"Now and forever.† The violence came from an unexpected quarter. â€Å"No,† said Zachary, surging forward as if he was going to attack Julian. Julian didn’t even bother to look at him. Zach slammed into an invisible wall and fell back into Dee. Jenny did turn, to look at all of them. Audrey and Zach and Dee and Michael. Her friends. â€Å"I knew you wouldn’t like this-† she began, but Zach interrupted her. He was on his feet again, gray eyes flashing in a way Jenny had never seen, face more intense than ever. â€Å"How could you?† he burst out. He seemed as angry on Tom’s behalf as if he himself were being betrayed. â€Å"How could you?† â€Å"Leave her alone,† Michael said shortly. Jenny could see his opinion in his dark spaniel eyes-Mike thought she was making the best of a very bad situation. He didn’t blame her for it. â€Å"What do you want her to do?† he said, and Zach shook his head in contempt. â€Å"Not go willingly,† he said. â€Å"Not give in-to that.† Tom was watching it all with blank eyes. Jenny could barely make herself look at him, but she did. â€Å"I’m sorry, Tommy,† she said. She saw his face twist slightly, and for a terrible moment she thought he was going to cry. Then he shrugged. â€Å"I suppose it had to happen. That’s the name of the Game, isn’t it?† he said, looking at Julian. Julian gave him an odd smile, and Jenny realized they were talking about something she didn’t understand. â€Å"I keep my promises, too,† he said. â€Å"All of them.† Jenny touched his sleeve. His face changed as he turned toward her, as if he were forgetting everyone else in the room. â€Å"The ceremony’s done,† he said. â€Å"We’re promised.† â€Å"I know.† Jenny let out a deep breath. The ring made a little weight on her finger, but she felt very light, very free. She spoke calmly and casually, as if she were organizing a picnic or a redecorating project. Something that had to be done fast, but right. â€Å"Let the others go now, Julian. I wish you’d let Tom go, too-but if not, can’t you please make him more comfortable? I think in a few days you’ll realize you don’t need a hostage to keep me behaving.† He was searching her face, as if stricken by doubt for the first time. â€Å"Jenny-you really want to stay here? It’s going to be strange for you?C?C† â€Å"That is the understatement of the century.† She looked up at him and spoke freely. â€Å"I only hope to God we can get a different view out the parlor window. But, yes, I want to stay. I never realized how much more there was to life than what I was getting. Now that I’ve seen it, I can’t go back. I’m not the same person I was before.† He smiled. â€Å"No. In less than twelve hours you’ve changed. You’ve become †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Jenny raised her eyebrows. â€Å"What?† â€Å"I’ll tell you later. I’ll enjoy telling you, taking a long time to do it.† He turned. â€Å"You can all go.† Jenny heard Tom’s chains rattle and clank to the floor. Out of the corner of her eye, she saw him hold his hands up, free. You read "The Forbidden Game: The Hunter Chapter 15" in category "Essay examples" â€Å"Out!† Julian said with a snap of his fingers. For an instant Jenny thought he meant it for Dee and the others, but then the phantom wolf, which had been bristling, lowered its head and slunk off. Straight through the wall, apparently. The luminous snake slithered and poured itself through the floor. Some compartment in Jenny’s mind noticed with awe how long that took, how much length there was to pour. The door home stood open, unguarded. From this angle Jenny could see the rune Uruz on it, the inverted U flaring fire-red with power. Through the door-and through the small window-she could see midnight blue. She glanced at the clock, which was still ticking away. 5:50 a.m. Dawn was coming fast. â€Å"Go on,† Julian said, as if eager to be rid of them. â€Å"Not without Jenny,† Dee said. Michael, Jenny thought, was surprised. He looked at Dee, opened his mouth. Zach’s mouth was curled angrily. Audrey was shaking her head in doubt. Tom just stood. Jenny looked away. Julian’s voice was impatient. â€Å"Well, go, stay, do whatever you want,† he said. â€Å"I’ll leave you to argue it out. But, remember, that door closes at dawn. Six-eleven sharp. If you’re still inside, you’re here for good-and I might not be in the mood for company.† He turned to Jenny. â€Å"This place is crowded.† â€Å"I know. There’s a couch downstairs. We can sit on it and get acquainted.† They went. The sofa in Jenny’s grandfather’s basement was shabby and lumpy but wide and very soft. It sank under their weight. Jenny found it odd to be sitting beside Julian like this, with no animosity, no need to pull away. No battles to fight. It was a very private place. She knew the others wouldn’t open the stairway door and come down, or even look in before they left the Shadow House. Julian’s warning about not wanting company was sufficient. They all knew what he could do. She looked up at him, to find him looking at her. So close. His eyes the color of a May morning. Very deep, but very gentle. She could feel his hunger. And could feel herself trembling slightly. Her nerves jangling with excitement-and fear. But he didn’t even touch her, at first. He just looked at her, with an expression she’d never seen on his face before. A look of wonder. The tenderness she’d seen when he was impersonating Zach. â€Å"Are you frightened?† he said. â€Å"A little.† She was trying not to show it. She said lightly, â€Å"So you’re the youngest Shadow Man.† â€Å"And the nicest.† â€Å"I believe that,† Jenny said earnestly. He did touch her, then, fingers light on her hair. Jenny felt the little inner stillness, the change in perception that comes before response. She shut her eyes and told herself not to think, not to feel anything but the featherlike touch. The lighter it was, the more it moved her. She was surprised when it stopped. She opened her eyes-and was even more surprised at the anger in his face. For an instant Jenny was really frightened, and the reality of what she was doing came home to her. Then she saw that Julian wasn’t angry at her but-for her. â€Å"You’re so-innocent,† he said. â€Å"That boyfriend of yours, that-Tommy, that spoiled, swaggering-he never thought about you, did he? Only about himself. And he botched it. I’d like to kill him.† This wasn’t at all what Jenny wanted to think about. She started to say so, but Julian was going on, his eyes full of wild blue light. â€Å"You want to watch out for that cousin of yours, too. He really does think about you, you know. I took that impression from life.† Knowing it was completely inappropriate, Jenny burst into slightly hysterical, but genuine laughter. â€Å"†¦ you’re jealous,† she said, when she could get her breath. â€Å"Of Zach. Zach doesn’t like people, only lenses and things.† The dark look disappeared from his face. â€Å"It doesn’t matter,† he said. â€Å"He won’t be able to get at you here. No one will, ever. I’ll keep you safe. †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Jenny reached for him and lightly pressed her lips to his. He forgot about talking, then, and kissed back-such a soft kiss, his warm lips barely brushing hers. But the soft kisses developed into slow shivery kisses and then into white-hot ones. She was still afraid of him, even as she clung to him-was it true that fear had to be a part of passion? Everywhere he touched she felt fire and ice. Upstairs, the clock struck six. Jenny pulled away from Julian, reluctantly. â€Å"I have to breathe,† she whispered. She shook herself a little, then stood up. â€Å"Things are happening so fast.† He smiled as she walked around, getting her breath back, feeling her flushed cheeks cool. She couldn’t look at him right now; she needed to regain her composure. Scarcely seeing it, she fingered the cobalt bracelet on the shelf. â€Å"Why did you let me through my nightmare?† she said abruptly. â€Å"Sentimental reasons?† â€Å"Not at all.† He laughed. â€Å"I did play the Game fairly. I don’t lie, even if I sometimes-withhold information. Your nightmare was remembering what happened that day. You couldn’t see it, but the door appeared as soon as you remembered opening the closet.† â€Å"Oh,† Jenny said softly. â€Å"The closet.† Then she added, â€Å"What did he want from you? My grandfather?† â€Å"What everybody else wants. Power, knowledge-the easy way. A free ride.† â€Å"And runes really work,† Jenny said, shaking her head slightly in wonder. â€Å"A lot of things work. A lot of things don’t. People can’t tell which are which until they try them-and then they’re usually surprised.† Jenny went over to the closet, looked inside. He followed, standing beside her. â€Å"I’m sorry,† Jenny said quietly, without looking at him. â€Å"I’m sorry he did it. He wasn’t a bad man.† Then she turned. â€Å"I can hardly believe he kept you here.† â€Å"Believe it,† Julian said grimly. Jenny shook her head. â€Å"I’ll always love him. But he was wrong to do what he did.† She stepped into the closet. â€Å"Not as small as it looks.† â€Å"Small enough.† He stepped in, too, looked around. â€Å"This place brings up bad memories.† â€Å"See if we can’t make a better one.† She smiled up at him, backed up against one wall. He turned and smiled down at her. In the confined space they were very close. Jenny stood shyly, one leg crossed behind the other. He bent his head again, his mouth warm and demanding. Jenny gave herself up to it, and the kiss opened like a slow-blooming flower. Became so breathless and urgent that Jenny couldn’t break it, even though she knew she had to. She kept thinking, Just one more minute, just one more minute †¦ It was Julian who pulled back. â€Å"It’s rather uncomfortable in here.† â€Å"Do you think so?† She smiled up at him, breath slowing. â€Å"Definitely.† â€Å"Well, then, I suppose we could-â€Å" Now, she thought. In the middle of her sentence she moved. She had been standing in the cross stance, a kung fu stance Dee had taught her. Good for instant lateral movement. Now, in a split second, she used the power of her left leg to throw her to the right, vaulting out of the closet. In the same motion she slammed shut the door. â€Å"Nauthiz!† she shouted. She slashed the X in the air. As she shouted it, the rune flashed brightly on the closet door. Not red like fire, but blue-white like ice. She didn’t know if she was doing it right, but it was what her grandfather had done-or tried to do. Shut the door, trace the rune, say the name. She pronounced it as her grandfather had pronounced it. And Julian did not come leaping out after her. The closet door stayed closed. The silence was deafening. Jenny turned and ran for the staircase. He lied, Jenny thought, racing up the steps. He changed the rules and he lied. Sometimes you can’t return good for evil; sometimes evil simply has to be stopped. She knew all this, of course; it had been in her mind from the very beginning, from the moment when she’d offered to stay with Julian. She didn’t need to explain it to herself. She was saying it to the whispering, plaintive voices in her own head that were begging her to go back. Dawn tinted the turret window pink as she burst into the room. The door was a rectangle of pure palest rose with some lacy white clouds thrown in. The view was only slightly obscured by the five people standing around it. Five. All of them. Dee, she’d expected-she knew Dee. Tom, she’d been worried about; she’d wanted him to understand, but she’d wanted him to leave even more. She’d hoped that Zach would be mad enough to go, and that Audrey would be sensible enough. Michael, she’d assumed, would be out like a shot. â€Å"Go!† she shouted as she ran to them. She couldn’t help glancing at the grandfather clock, which showed a scrolled minute hand leaning far too far past the ten. â€Å"Go!† Tom’s face had lighted with-well, with an expression that sent Jenny soaring the last five feet. â€Å"Go on!† he said to the others, reaching for Jenny. It wasn’t as easy a proposition as it sounded. There was nothing outside this door. No Ice Age, no living room. Nothing but dawn. Stepping out into that took guts. â€Å"Oh, what the hell,† said Michael, and, holding hands with Audrey, he took the step. Dee flashed a barbaric grin over her shoulder and jumped out like a skydiver. Zach was the one who balked. Jenny couldn’t believe it. â€Å"Where is he?† Zach demanded. â€Å"In the closet. Go, go!† Zach’s face was still dark. â€Å"I thought you meant it-â€Å" Tom gave him a good straight-arm shove, running-back style. Zach fell out sprawling, spinning, arms and legs extended. It didn’t look like fun. They were trusting to fate. No-to Julian, a much more dangerous proposition. Trusting that when he’d said Jenny’s friends could leave, he had meant alive. And trusting to Grandpa Evenson, Jenny thought, that the rune of containment would contain. Tom reached to take her hand in both of his. The sky was a blaze of rose and gold. They looked at each other and stepped out that way, together. They were falling as the sun appeared. In that instant the entire sky around them turned a color Jenny had seen only once before. An unbelievable luminous blue, the color of Julian’s eyes. No matter how often you faint, you never really get used to it. Jenny came to herself slowly. She was lying down, she knew that first. Lying on something cool and very hard. Mexican paver tiles. She sat up much too fast and almost fainted again. The first thing she saw was the Game. It was sitting in the middle of her mother’s solid ponderosa pine coffee table. The white box lid was on the floor beside the table. The rune Uruz was dull as rust. The Victorian paper house itself was tall and perfect, its printed colors richly glowing in the rosy eastern light. The only difference Jenny could see was that the slips of paper they’d drawn their nightmares on were gone-as were the paper dolls they’d drawn of themselves. It all looked so innocent, so wholesome, with the Tupperware tub of Joey’s crayons sitting beside it. â€Å"Maybe it was all a dream,† Michael said hoarsely. He was on the other side of the table, with Audrey, who was just straightening up. Her glossy auburn hair was windblown into a lion’s mane. It made her look quite different, quite-free. â€Å"It wasn’t a dream,† Dee said with uncharacteristic quietness, uncoiling her long legs and standing. â€Å"Summer’s gone.† Zach picked himself up and sat on a leather footstool. He said nothing, but rubbed his forehead as if his head hurt. Jenny looked at Tom. He was sitting up very slowly, using the table as help. Jenny put a hand under his arm, and he looked a â€Å"thank you† at her. He’d changed. Maybe even more than Audrey. He looked battered and sore, and he’d lost his air of always being in control. There was a new expression in his eyes, a sadness that was almost grateful at the same time. Jenny didn’t know the word for it. Maybe something like humility. â€Å"Tommy,† she said, worried. The rakish smile was crooked. Battered as his devilish good looks. â€Å"I thought maybe you were really staying with him. To save me-and because you wanted to. And the thing was, I wouldn’t have blamed you. I sort of realized that when he gave you the ring.† Jenny, who had been about to protest, looked at her hand. Any lingering doubts about last night being real were shattered. It was there, shining on her finger. â€Å"I thought definitely you really were staying with him,† Audrey said. â€Å"You had me convinced you honestly wanted to-and it was all a trick?† â€Å"It was the truth. I was doing it of my own free will, and I did want to stay-long enough to make sure Tom and you guys got out.† â€Å"I knew,† Dee said. â€Å"It’s those brains of yours again,† Jenny said, looking straight at her. â€Å"And I always thought you were such a sweet little thing,† Michael was musing. â€Å"So simple, so honest†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I am-when people treat me fairly. When they don’t kill my friends. When they don’t break their word. I figured he made up the rules of that game, and trickery was a legal move. So I did it.† Audrey persisted. â€Å"And you really never felt anything for him? That was all an act?† â€Å"Just call me Sarah Bernhardt,† Jenny said. She hoped that Audrey wouldn’t notice she hadn’t answered the question. â€Å"Who cares?† Michael said. â€Å"We’re home. We did it.† He looked around at the sunlight flooding in through the sliding glass door, at the ordinary Thornton backyard outside, at the pastel walls of the living room. â€Å"I love each and every one of these baskets,† he said. â€Å"I could kiss the tiles we sit on. I could kiss you, Audrey.† â€Å"Oh, if you have to,† Audrey said, not bothering to fuss with her hair. She leaned forward and so did Michael. Dee, though, was still looking at Jenny, her night-dark eyes serious. â€Å"What about the betrothal?† she said. â€Å"The ring? You’re supposed to be promised to him now.† â€Å"What about it?† Jenny said quietly. â€Å"I’m going to throw the ring away. With the rest of this garbage.† In a single motion that brought Zach’s head up, she crushed the paper house, smashing it flat and flatter. She put it in the white box, like filling an overstuffed suitcase, pushing it in where it wouldn’t fit. She scooped up the game cards and jammed them in, too. Then she took the ring off. It came quite easily, not sticking to her finger or anything. She didn’t look at the inscription. She dropped the ring on top of it all. Then she put in the paper dolls of the Creeper and the Lurker. As she picked up the third doll she paused. It was the boy with the shocking blue eyes. They seemed to be looking up at her, but she knew they weren’t. It was just a tagboard cutout, and the original was locked away under a rune of constraint that would hold, she hoped, forever. She hadn’t let go of the Shadow Man doll yet. It was your Game. You hunted us. You told me to become a hunter. You just never expected to be trapped yourself. What would this world be like without a Julian in it? Safer, certainly. Calmer. But poorer, too, in a way. She’d beaten the Shadow Man, but it was strangely hard to consign him to oblivion. Jenny felt a pang of something oddly like regret, of something lost forever. She put the doll in the box and crammed the lid on. There was a roll of masking tape in with Joey’s crayons. Jenny wound tape round and round the bulging white box, sealing it shut. The others all watched in silence. When she finally ran out of tape she put the box on the table and sat back on her heels. A smile began somewhere in the group and traveled from one person to another. Not a partying kind of smile, just one of quiet relief and joy. They had made it. They’d won. They were alive-most of them. â€Å"What are we going to say about Summer?† Tom asked. â€Å"We’re going to tell the truth,† Jenny said. Audrey’s eyebrows arched. â€Å"No one will ever believe us!† â€Å"I know,† Jenny said. â€Å"We’re going to tell them anyway.† â€Å"It’ll be all right,† said Dee. â€Å"After all we’ve been through, we can deal with it. As long as we’re all together.† â€Å"We are,† Jenny said, and Tom nodded. In the old days-last night-it would have been the other way around. Audrey and Michael, who couldn’t seem to separate from each other, both nodded, too. So did Zach, who was for once paying attention to the rest of them, instead of being off in his own little world. I think it actually helped him, Jenny thought suddenly, to know that his grandfather was only calling up demons and not insane after all. â€Å"We can call the police from the kitchen,† she said aloud. How to cite The Forbidden Game: The Hunter Chapter 15, Essay examples

Organizational Behavior Integrating Individuals

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Behavior for Integrating Individuals. Answer: Introduction: The ethical dilemma is the condition which comes when the person is not able to understand what is suggested for the particular situation. Hence, with this, there comes certain code of ethics which are important to be followed with the case study so that the organisation can work in a proper manner. (Ford et al., 2013). The report is about handling the business organisation as well as working on the system confidentiality in an efficient manner. In the present time, it has been seen that the ICT organisation is facing a significant loss of the data due to the cybercrime and hacking that leads to loss of the data by attacking system network of the computer. The report is about one such incident that happened at the workplace. I am keeping the name of the organisation as confidential and so we will name it to be ABC organisation and the character names are also not revealed., A major issue of the ethical dilemma was the loss of higher amount of revenue which was mainly due to the probl em of ethical dilemma. (Goetsch et the al., 2014). Hence, to avoid the issues in future, there are certain options and recommendations which we are going to discuss. The organisation has been a newly developing business where the employees also put in their hard efforts for presenting the best designs to the client so that they are able to raise themselves in the market. Before those architectural designs could come to the market, they were stolen from the database of the server. (Linehan et al., 2016). The act included the cybercrime which is an act mainly due to the problems related to confidentiality and hacking. Since, the database was hacked, the designs were also stolen and brought in the market by the competitive company who was an old company but the market of that company was going down due to the poor quality content. (Ferguson et al., 2016). This was the biggest problem and ethical dilemma without any evidence about stealing or the designs could be used by any of the competitive company which was set prior to the development of ABC organisation. The analysis of the ICT organization is mainly through the business budget and the target market where the designs were for the new customers so that they can buy them and get it implemented in their house or their offices. The Doing Ethics Technique has been applied in such a situation, where the analysis of the problem is through addressing the following questions and discussing the possible solutions. (Gaudine et al., 2016). The other company has stolen the data through cyber hacking, and the designs were also stolen. This was mainly because the server of the company was inappropriate and there was no encryption passwords set. Hence, the designs could be stolen easily. The accessibility could easily be possible by the hackers who could get the entry into the system of the database to access the network. This lead to find the data in an unauthentic manner. (Christianson, 2014). There has been access that led them towards the changing of the data which was completely confidential for the new designing as well. As per the analysis, it is seen that the people who are connected to the company like the internal, as well as the external stakeholders, are affected. It will directly affect the company popularity as well as progress. There have been new products for the attraction for the customers to grow the business. Hence, all the designs have been stolen, and the company had to face a huge loss on this. Along with this, there have been issues with the prior time of the company to handle the demands of the customers or the new clients. There have been different problems which are related to the same as the violation of the copyright act and the confidentiality of the company. (Champoux, 2016). The company, also, cannot claim that the designs are efforts put in by them, as there are no marks to depict it. Hence, the designing information and the graphics are some parts which are set prior to the time. The information has been copied through the computer network of the system of the hackers and the designing of the products. There has been no major evidence that the designs have been stolen and so there is nothing that the company can claim. They can only be aware of the happenings and take care for the same in future. The loss of the revenue as well as the designs could only be compensated through the encrypted passwords and trusted employees. To comment on the different options and the standards of the company, the focus has been mainly on handling the network and the system server so that the data is not lost. For this, there is a need for handling the designing by registering the designs at the government so that no one has the right for the stealing. (Hadjistavropoulos et al., 2016). This will also not require much database security as well as the designs will be under the government copyright mar. The best option is through setting a firewall with the check on the encrypted passwords so that no one can easily access the system. With this, there is a need to check ethical issues so that the hacking is ignored. This is possible when the company is facing a huge loss in the market, as the designs were ready but had been claimed by the competitive company. (Ferguson et al., 2016). It is imperative to safeguard the efforts put in by the employees by improving the network strength of the database server. Reference Champoux, J. E. (2016).Organizational behavior: Integrating individuals, groups, and organizations. Routledge. Christianson, S. A. (2014).The handbook of emotion and memory: Research and theory. Psychology Press. Ferguson, S., Thornley, C., Gibb, F. (2016). Beyond codes of ethics: how library and information professionals navigate ethical dilemmas in a complex and dynamic information environment.International Journal of Information Management,36(4), 543-556. Ford, R. C., Richardson, W. D. (2013). Ethical decision making: A review of the empirical literature. InCitation classics from the Journal of Business Ethics(pp. 19-44). Springer Netherlands. Gaudine, A. P., Beaton, M. R. (2016). Employed to go against one's values: nurse managers' accounts of ethical conflict with their organizations.Canadian Journal of Nursing Research Archive,34(2). Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Hadjistavropoulos, T., Malloy, D. C., Douaud, P., Smythe, W. E. (2016). Ethical orientation, functional linguistics, and the codes of ethics of the Canadian Nurses Association and the Canadian Medical Association.Canadian Journal of Nursing Research Archive,34(2). Linehan, C., OBrien, E. (2016). From tell-tale signs to irreconcilable struggles: The value of emotion in exploring the ethical dilemmas of human resource professionals.Journal of Business Ethics, 1-15.

Mans Search For Meaning Essays (892 words) - English-language Films

Man's Search For Meaning Man's Search For Meaning Survival and Fully Living Viktor Frankl's concept regarding survival and fully living was developed through his observations and experiences in the concentration camps. He used his psychiatric training to discern the meanings of observations and to help himself become a better person. He uses analysis to develop his own concepts and describes them in steps throughout the book. When the prisoners first arrived at the camp most of them thought they would be spared at the last moment. The prisoners believed they had a chance of surviving, but this belief was eventually eliminated and it was at this time when the prisoners began to learn how to survive by using their internal strength. A sense of humor had emerged among the prisoners. This humor helped to get through some difficult situations they faced. Viktor also observed how much a person could really endure and still live. Even though the prisoners could not clean their teeth and were deprived of warmth and vitamins, they still were able to survive. The sores and abrasions on their hands did not suppurate despite the dirt that gathered on them from the hard labor. The challenge of staying alive under these wretched conditions was to have and maintain strong internal strength. During the time he spent in the camps, Viktor learned what was needed to survive and how to keep his internal strength despite his weakening external strength. During the second stage of Viktor's psychological reaction, prisoners lost their sense of feeling and emotion toward events that would be emotional to people outside the camps. This was a result of the violent environment, which consisted of beatings of prisoners and the death of many others. The prisoners could no longer feel any disgust or horror since these emotions where very common. From Viktor's professional point of view, this observation surprised him and also gave him a different point of view of the whole situation. The pain that hurt Viktor the most was the pain he felt when he received punishment for no reason. The punishments were of an insult, and hurt the prisoners on the inside more than on the outside. Viktor also acknowledged the fact that since the prisoners lacked the primary needs, they would dream about them and put all other needs aside. Since there was a lack of food Viktor depended greatly on his inner thoughts to get himself through the suffering. He needed some hope and a reason to live. He thought about his wife and the love that they shared. Every chance, he got he thought about pleasant events from the past to help get through all the hard times. The prisoners had a life of their own in their minds. At one point Viktor gave up on trying to control his life and in sending himself into the path he wanted. He decided to let fate take its course. After a while he found out that he could not allow this to happen, his inner emotions could not stand being helpless. He had to make decisions for himself if he wanted to have some control o ver his life and if he wanted to get out of the camp alive. When the camps were closing Viktor became the emotional leader of the remaining prisoners. He raised their hopes, and by doing this he was looking at the situation from a different point of view. He believed that life expected more from them and that they had to live in order to accomplish the unfinished work they had left behind when they left their home. When Viktor and the prisoners were released everyone except Viktor had no sense of direction. They did not know what was right and what was wrong. They went around and copied the actions of the SS, not knowing that it was wrong. Victor was fortunate and did not end up like the other survivors, since he had more knowledge than they did and was able to see his opportunity to live his life again. Viktor's concept applies to my life during the times when I am feeling bad or when I just don't know what to do. When I am

A Rose, By A Vulcan Name, Would Smell As Sweet Essays - Star Trek

A Rose, By A Vulcan Name, Would Smell As Sweet Essays - Star Trek A Rose, By A Vulcan Name, Would Smell As Sweet A Rose, By a Vulcan Name, Would Smell as Sweet. Social commentary is dangerous. In addition to risking social and political censure, the commentator must carefully convey the message. In directly addressing a problem, one risks alienating an audience before making one's point. If one indirectly approaches said problem, one may appear to lack conviction or a point. Star Trek: the Original Series takes a third path, that of allegory. Unfortunately, as the television series belongs to the science fiction genre, its social significance is often disregarded. However, upon examination, it is clear that the veiled nature of commentary in Star Trek is vital. An allegory addresses issues, usually current political or social situations, through a fictionalized account. This is useful to protect the teller of the tale from legal or political persecution, as evidenced by Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland. Allegory may also use situational hyperbole to exaggerate a situation until its social impact is obvious, as in Voltaire's Candide. The cloak of allegory serves both functions, after a fashion, in Star Trek: the Original Series. Rather than protecting the creator, altered representations protected the integrity of the story line from network censors. For example, the episode A Private Little War depicted the Federation, the series' protagonist organization, warring with the Klingon nation, its nemesis, on a tiny primitive world (Star Trek). In all actuality, the episode was a declaration of pacifism aimed at the follies of the Vietnam War. Such a declaration might be blocked by censors as unpatriotic or lacking in viewer allure, were it a straightforward statement of the evils of Vietnam. As a story, however, it avoids such charges and may be distributed to the masses via television. Situational exaggeration is also utilized to drive home important points. A problem may not be apparent to an average person. Thus, the allegorist expands the problem, inflating it beyond normal context to make its import apparent. The creators of the Original Series achieved this through symbols. In the episode Let That Be Your Last Battlefield, two alien men, whose faces were half black and half white, were featured. The white half was on right side of one man's face, and the left of the other's. Due to this difference, the two races had fought one another until only two survived (Star Trek). This seems merely a tragic story. In actuality, it is a comment on racism. Let That Be Your Last Battlefield tells the viewer a familiar story, the differences between the two men are minimal, as are the differences between races on Earth. Their faces are composed of the same colors in differing combinations. So, too, are the colors of humanity the same, merely present in differing proportions. Hidden within fiction, serious themes pervaded the Star Trek of the 60's. Gene Roddenberry, creator of the Star Trek franchise, outlined a utopian future where the iniquities of the present are absent or conquerable. Those evils included racism, intolerance, sexism and war. Ethnocentrism is denounced by a multi-ethnic cast, which features characters of many nationalities and worlds in prominent positions. The familiar theme of racism arises again in Balance of Terror. Cold War paranoia is represented the fictional humanity's own Cold War with the Romulans, an apparently inimical race. This episode also calls to mind the persecution of Americans with Japanese ancestry during the Second World War. The character Spock, played by Leonard Nimoy, bears a resemblance to the Romulan enemy, and is therefore denigrated and labeled a traitor by his own comrades. Though the humans of Star Trek exist in cold or outright war with beings from other worlds, this state is portrayed as deplorable. Everyone always wants me to do space battles, Gene Roddenberry once said, Well screw them. That's not what Star Trek is about (Walsh 2), and this pacifism is extolled by the characters of the series. The Prime Directive, the central concept of Star Trek: the Original Series' exploring culture, is a sort of code of honor derived from Roddenberry's feelings on the Vietnam War. It forbids interference in the development of civilizations less powerful or technologically advanced than Earth's. Numerous attempts were made to depict gender equality; unfortunately, in this the

Discuss the sources of irish law and show how they relate to each Essay

Discuss the sources of irish law and show how they relate to each other - Essay Example These shall be discussed. Bunreacht na hEireann 1937 The Irish Constitution is the supreme source of law of Ireland although it is, arguably, not the main source in terms of quantity. The Constitution is the backbone of the Irish legal system consisting of the source of power exercised by the legislative, judicial and executive branches of government. The Irish Supreme Court and High Court are empowered to review all legislation and may strike down laws if they are inconsistent with the Irish constitution (McCutcheon et al 2008, p. 649) All laws passed by the legislature must comply with the provisions of the Constitution. Specifically, the Constitution provides that the Oireachtas must not enact any law which is repugnant to the Constitution or any provisions thereof (Article15.4.1-2) 4.1 The Oireachtas shall not enact any law which is in any respect repugnant to this Constitution or any provision thereof. 4.2 Every law enacted by the Oireachtas which is in any respect repugnant to this Constitution or to any provision thereof, shall, but to the extent only of such repugnancy, be invalid This means legislation ranks lower than the Constitution. The Constitution provides that the institution which can interpret both the Constitution itself and all the other sources of law are the Courts of law. (Articles 34-37) As the primary source of law as well as having a higher status within the jurisdiction, all other laws must be in conformity with it. Any law that does not comply with the Constitution is invalid. The Constitution regulates the relationship between the organs of government and the citizens and those living in Ireland. (Article 6) The Constitution also guarantees certain fundamental rights and freedoms such as equality before the law, personal liberty, property rights, and freedom of religion and the importance of the family. (Articles 40-44) The Constitution is in both official languages but in the case of incompatibility it is the Irish version which wi ll prevail as it is the first official language. (Articles 8 and 25) Legislation This is law produced through the Oireachtas. This is, arguably, the most important source of law in the modern day Ireland. Firstly, in terms of quantity, the Oireachtas produces far more legal rules than any other source. Secondly, under Article 15 of the Constitution, the Oireachtas has‘sole and exclusive’ law making power. The Irish Constitution assigns to the Oireachtas the sole law making power within the State. (Article 15.2) Every year a large number of pieces of legislation known as statutes are brought into operation as Acts of the Oireachtas. The procedure for the creation of Acts is provided for in the Constitution. Acts of the Oireachtas are known as primary legislation and must follow a particular procedure to be legitimate including going through both houses of the Oireachtas, the Dail and the Seanad. Each piece of legislation must be compatible with the Irish Constitution and the Supreme Court of Ireland may strike down legislation if it is not compliant with the Constitution. Statutes are divided into sections and parts, depending on their length. Article 25 of the Irish Constitution states that all acts must be in both official languages, Irish and English and in the case of contradiction it is the Irish version which will prevail. Each act or statute must be compatible with the Constitution, and may be referred to the Supreme Court by the President to decide

Media Management - Event Planning Event Planning Essay

Media Management - Event Planning Event Planning - Essay Example INTRODUCTION The marketing is the need of every small and large business in today’s world of globalization. The emergence of social media and online bloggers has allowed businesses to market online at low cost. The businesses are taking full advantage of this cheap way of marketing. The options for market a product through different mediums depends on the size and budget of the company (Smith, and Zook, 2011). Nowadays, the perfect competition is prevailing in all the local markets and this intensity of competition made necessity for every local business to create marketing or promotional strategies to stay in the market with handsome profits and differentiated brand image. The event marketing is one of the best suited marketing tools for local area advertising because it directly targets the market of local area community. Most of the events are developed to get the attention of media. Companies want media to talk about them from time to time to publicize the business. Once t he local business gets succeeded in gaining media attention then it would become easy for the local business to create its unique brand image among all the local competitors (Kotler, and Keller, 2009). Event Development (The event is named as a â€Å"Cultural Evening†): The Wild Affair is a big chain of restaurants and the company is now introducing another restaurant in the new local market by creating an event in the area for targeting the local area customers. People that are living in the local area belong to different cultures so the event is organized by considering all the small and large communities living in the area. The event is designed under the consideration of cross-culture function of the society. The event will be arranged in the hall in order to attract large audience. The restaurant has the specialty in 18 different countries foods. So especially for the event the restaurant is designed or decorated with 18 different cultural themes to represent the food av ailability of 18 countries. Every country is represented by its national culture theme or with a small setup with waiters in wearing cultural dresses of each country. The core concept is to position the restaurant and create awareness of its offerings. The culture creates an emotional attachment with the customers. The company wants to connect the emotional attachment with its customer by providing them their cultural environment. Cultural values and cultural food has created a feeling in the consumer’s mind that he/she is serving in its own country. This idea of serving the cultural food with cultural values has made an emotional bonding with customers. This bonding will create the customer loyal to the brand. The restaurant has some additional attractive services as well that are customizing food according to the mood of the customer, additional top-ups and add-ons with the meals. Another perception for the event created is that the company is combining all the communities of the area under the one roof to unite them. This perception can be called as Societal Marketing concept. Alignment of Company’s Mission and Target Audience with the Event: The company’s strategy is to target each community individually and show respect for each community’s culture present in the society. The company has covered all the communiti

MLA RESEARCH ARGUMENT- Social Media issue Essay

MLA RESEARCH ARGUMENT- Social Media issue - Essay Example This work goes to point out the relevant effects that are associated with social media. This research paper aims at evaluating the issues related to social media in general. Scholars have carried out research on the matter, and it is evident that there are advantages as well as disadvantages associated with social media. The issues affect a wide range of individuals. You can now connect to the whole world from the comfort of your home or office. This is one of the important attributes of social media. Not only are people able to make business connections, but they can find new jobs, find assistance and get advice. It has also enabled people to learn something new about a foreign country, and interact with people from diverse cultures. Social media has replaced pen pals mails that used to take a long time, now friends can communicate instantly using the many available social websites (Bryant and Zillmann 418). Social media offers the advantage of interacting with people who share the same interests. People can make wiser decisions on a subject, especially when they have managed to find solutions online. This is enhanced by the fact that communication via the Internet is real-time, as long as you have an Internet connection. Noor Al-Deen and Hendricks (182) conclude that many social sites have instant messaging that facilitates this. This has gone a long way to helping students, researchers, managers, business people, as well as teachers. One can source information online instantly. According to Noor Al-Deen and Hendricks (182), marketers have largely benefited from social media. It has become very cheap, fast and reliable to do marketing online. With a click of a button, a marketer can sell his or her idea, new products and services to millions of social network users worldwide. It is also handy for not for profit organizations to communicate with people, educate

Black Identity In Bamboozled

Black Identity In Bamboozled African Americans have for a long time been represented in American cinema in discourses of white realism. With the emergence of black directors, there has been a struggle to detach the black community from the traditional, negative stereotypes attached to them. Bamboozled (Spike Lee, 2000) is a dark satire on race representation and assimilation and the ways in which the dominant hegemonic power structure is able to divide and rule those it subjugates. This paper will first explore the history of cinematic representation of African Americans, which will be discussed in line with the issue of misrepresentation in Bamboozled (2000). This paper will also explore African-American identity dilemma as presented in Bamboozled (2000). Introduction I want people to think about the power of images, not just in terms of race, but how imagery is used and what sort of social impact it has- how it influences how we talk, how we think, how we view one another. In particular, I want them to see how film and television have historically, from the birth of both mediums, produced and perpetuated distorted images. Film and television started out that way, and here we are, at the dawn of a new century, and a lot of that madness is still with us today. Spike Lee. The debates over race and representation of African Americans in films have been highly contentious for over a century. Blacks have generally been perceived and stigmatized, throughout history, as trouble makers, incapables, intellectually limited, inferior, lazy and irrational, amongst the many other demeaning labels attached to them. These labels are connected not only to the history of colonization but also, importantly, to the exploitation, perpetuation, and careful maintenance of stereotypes through cinematic clichà ©s which have imposed themselves easily and significantly on the popular imagination. As rightly stated by Wijdan Ali, the projection of harmful and negative stereotypes onto marginal or ineffectual groups within a society has always been an easy and useful method for making scapegoats.Effectively, films form the ideal space to circularize and preserve the labels which the mainstream audience desires to attach to the black community. Five decades of the Civil Rights Movement have gone by, and the degree of change in the black community, though undeniably real and noticeable, remains perplexingly complex and inadequate. Although the fact that we now live in a time in history where Americans have voted in a black President, where blacks now occupy positions of power and are ostensibly less subject to institutional discrimination than in the past, the black community nevertheless remains inadequately poor, unemployed, undereducated and negatively labeled. Adding to these, portrayals of African Americans in cinema are still, to a great extent, marked by buffoonery. Therefore, adopting a writing-back style in Bamboozled (2000), Spike Lee satirically attacks the way in which African Americans have historically been misused and misrepresented on screen. Through Bamboozled (2000), the director attempts both to entertain and to educate his audience about the history of African American representation within popular culture, with the word bamboozled itself indicating the state of having been cheated or conned. Bamboozled (2000) presents American mass entertainments history of racial discrimination through abasing minstrel stereotypes, which first started to be performed in musical theatres and which were later brought to cinema with films such as The Wooing and Wedding of a Coon (1905), The Sambo Series (1909- 1911) and D.W Griffiths controversial The Birth of a Nation( 1915). Consequently, the purpose of this study is to explore African American evolution in the American film industry and to analyze the effects of stereotypes and misrepresentation o n African American identity using Cornel Wests theory of Alienation (1993) and Du Boiss theory of double consciousness (1903). These will hopefully in turn help to understand why the integration of African Americans is considered as a problematic issue even in a sophisticated era where racism seems to be a thing of the past, and where people are supposedly no longer judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. But before getting to what Bamboozled (2000) actually brings to the table of African-American films, it is important to look at the history and evolution of black representation in Hollywood cinema, which the following paragraphs are going to deal with. II. African Americans in American Films: A Brief Retrospective African Americans first started to be represented in minstrel shows in the late 1820s and later on television in the early 20th century. Through blackface minstrelsy, a performance style where white males parodied the songs, dances, clothing and speech patterns of Southern blacks using blackface makeup and exaggerated lips, Americas conceptions of blackness and whiteness were shaped by these mocking caricatures, for, as pointed out by bell hooks, there is power in looking. While whiteness was posited as the norm, every black face was a statement of social imperfection, inferiority, and mimicry that [was] placed in isolation with an absent whiteness as its ideal opposite. Consequently, for over a century, the notion that colored people were racially and socially inferior to whites was ingrained, internalized and accepted both by white and black minstrel performers and audiences. The caricatures took such a strong hold on the American imagination that audiences naturally came to expect any person with dark skin, irrespective of his/ her background, to fit in one or more of the following stereotypes; Jim Crow, a dull-witted and subservient plantation slave; Zip Coon, a lazy, gaudily-dressed man from the city representing the proud newly- freed slave; Mammy, the contended, happy, loyal and ever-smiling female slave (as evidence of the supposed humanity of the institution of slavery,); Uncle Tom, the good Negro; submissive, hearty, faithful no matter what, stoic, selfless, and oh-so-very-kind, Buck, the proud and menacing Black man always fascinated by white women; Jezebel the temptress; the mixed race Mulatto, and Pickaninnies, who have bulging eyes, unkempt hair, red lips and wide mouths into which they stuff huge slices of watermelon. As time moved on, black appearance in mainstream films became more and more frequent, as well as the increase in the number of independent black directors, from Oscar Micheaux to Daniels Lee and Spike Lee. Since The Birth of a Nation, which marked a change in emphasis from the pretentious but harmless Jim Crow to the threatening savage Nigger, black filmmakers have responded by creating race movies and blaxploitation films which were tailored to black audiences . The 1970s witnessed a resurgence of the blaxploitation genre with films such as Sweet Sweetbacks Baadassss Song (1971), Shaft (1971), Black Caesar (1973) and Foxy Brown (1974). Since such films were themselves in turn accused of using the negative to hyperbolize issues pertaining to blacks, this genre saw its end in the late 1970s to give way to a new wave of black directors, such as S. Lee and John Singleton, who focused on black urban life. However, we cannot afford to simply celebrate the achievements of black filmmakers for the so-called ethnic arts. And as Stuart Hall remarks, we have come out of the age of innocence, which says that its good if its there. The mere fact that such films have had a considerable increase does not mean that the status of and opportunities for black people have dramatically improved although it may be true that the level of clear-cut racism has known an important decrease, or even a disappearance. This can be backed up by Appiahs statement that changes in the representation of blacks do not ipso facto lead to changes in their treatment. III. The Issue of Misrepresentation in Bamboozled (2000) In Bamboozled (2000), Spike Lee directly addresses this issue of African American representability as being a discourse of white essentialism. Through Bamboozled (2000) the director invites his audience to realize that although nobody goes around in blackface anymore,it does not entail that Hollywood has altogether abandoned/given up essentialist discourse. The director satirically uses very symbolic icons and elements throughout the film in order to highlight racism and misrepresentation. The beginning of Bamboozled (2000) itself generates the intended theme; Stevie Wonders Misrepresented People, a song which encapsulates the historical, political and social adversities faced by blacks, is carefully and cleverly set as the background music, which powerfully and heavily impacts upon the content of the film as well as upon the audience. Spike Lee makes it blatantly clear that Bamboozled (2000) sets out to illustrate White American ideology and discourse within contemporary public sphere. Pierre Delacroix (Damon Wayans), the protagonist of the film, is a network executive working in a company which is specialized in black matters. Ironically though, during the meeting in which Delacroix is reproached for his lateness and reminded of CP time, it can be noticed that the only Black person present is Pierre himself. His boss, Dunwitty, clearly does not want to see Negroes on television unless they are buffoons. He even cancelled one of Pierres brilliant shows because it starred blacks as dignified people and goes on to complain that the latters written materials are too clean, too white, too antiseptic, which according to him merely portray white people with blackfaces. He urges Delacroix to keep it real, that is, he reminds him of the humiliating position of blacks in cinema; blacks are only entertainers. The depiction of the struggle endemic to the African American experience of representation, which Lee throws to the audience in a very obvious yet complex way, can be seen in Extract 1. It can be observed in this scene that Delacroix has no other option than to portray blacks as entertainers if he is to respect his contract. This scene is also important because it does two things; first, it shows Delacroixs struggle to promote the black community by attempting to fight misrepresentation, and second, it shows a well-educated Delacroixs willingness to dissociate himself from other African Americans. The name of the blackface show in Bamboozled (2000) is in itself very symbolic; Mantan: The New Millennium Minstrel Show. Here, Lee suggests that minstrelsy has not disappeared in the new millennium. In his-own words therefore, it has only gotten more sophisticated. Gangsta rap videos, a lot of the TV shows on UPN and WB- a lot of us are still acting as buffoons and coons. The issue of black-white relations resurfaces in Bamboozled (2000) and the role of the Other is made explicit through Lees intended message. Black stereotyping and Otherisation becomes the necessary evil in the construction of white identity and is needed to reassure white audiences of the stability of their identity. With this comes the implication that black films are successfully marketed only if they appeal to mainstream audiences. Clearly, Spike Lees aim in this provocative film is to show that even today, the American film industry is still concealing essentialist discourses within contemporary films. Consequ ently, as essentialism involves ongoing human and social interaction as well as limitation, identity regulation and enforcement takes place within this kind of racist discourse, whereby blacks have to undergo identity dilemma while trying to seek approval. As we have seen, cinema has an important role to play in the construction of identity. History, cinema and black identity are intricately intertwined. The association of these three in Bamboozled (2000) communicates to the audience how blacks are identified and how they in turn identify themselves. As a marginalized group, most of the black characters in Spike Lees film forsake their identity so as to gain approval, to be successful, or to get out of black poverty and the result is shown to be a disastrous one for the black soul and community. The next section is therefore going to be an exploration of identity dilemma in Bamboozled (2000). IV. Identity Dilemma in Bamboozled (2000) I have heard all my life that White people dont have to change who they are, how they talk, or how they behave. Therefore, I was left with the impression that it was everyone elses responsibility to attempt to adopt the cultural and social personalities of White people. Ronald, L Jackson. In order to tackle this issue of identity in Bamboozled (2000) Cornel Wests theory of alienation(1993) will be used in parallel to DuBois theory of double-consciousness (1903) .Wests theory of alienation (1993) explores the identity crisis faced by the black diasporan community in modern day America. Natal alienation, which has been created by the history of colonization, is an irretrievable damage to black identity. Since the Black is rendered into an inferior being through history and representation, and this inferiority further reinforced by both descriptive and prescriptive stereotypes in cinema, blacks as a result experience a severe identity dilemma, a double consciousness. Alienation in Wests theory exists on two intricately related levels: firstly as an ideological system of oppression and discrimination and secondly as a black existentialist struggle. In Bamboozled (2000), this powerful system of oppression forces the black characters to forsake their black soul and identities. Unlike Delacroix, Womack (Tommy Davidson) and Manray (Savion Glover), two homeless street performers, are forced by their unfavorable economic conditions to become de-rooted and senseless performing dolls. Both are stripped of their names and imposed with the abasing and stereotypically racist names of SleepnEat and Mantan respectively. Alienation here produces the modern black diasporan problematic of invisibility and namelessness, whereby Womack and Manray are forced to look at themselves through the eyes of others, of measuring [their] soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity. Impelled by societal and survival pressures, both of them are forced to assimilate in order to be accepted by the white community as well as by the assimilated black people. It becomes clear that David Llorenss (1968) two types of blacks are present in Bamboozled (2000). Delacroix and Sloan represent the chosen ones while Manray and Womack represent the fellah. The former is familiar with the streets and the black vernacular, while the latter is culturally refined has assimilated into the white community. Alienation and white essentialist discourse creates such a situation where the chosen one feels embarrassed by the fellah and seeks at all times to show that they are two different kinds, and to please the Guardian, that is, the white man. Manray and Womack are, through the eyes of Sloan ( Jada Pinkett Smith) and Pierre, African Americans who share similar traits to the primitive African. Delacroix points this out by looking down on them and recommending that they be given deodorant s, toothbrushes, toothpastes and underwear. He also attempts without success to dissociate himself from the fellah black category by desperately explaining to Dunwitty that blacks are not a monolithic group, and that middle class black does exist. These words are representative of the African American communitys desire not to be identified only through blackness. For Dunwitty, Delacroix is only trying to wear a whiteface, which is not a mere fabrication or a mere racist comment. Dunwittys words carry an important truth. We see from the beginning of the film, that Delacroix eagerly and desperately seeks recognition and visibility from his white co-workers when he walks his way to his office. He also rejects the black vernacular for Standard English so as to make a clear cut difference between the educated and the uneducated black. This, to an important extent, reifies the superiority of whites and serves to alienate blacks in American society, as, according to West (1993), alienation is part of a whole system of language. Once a cultures language is alienated from the mainstream populations language, the cultures identity is similarly taken away and starts to dissipate. Delacroix himself unconsciously embodies several of the blackface stereotypes, although he tries to portray blacks in a positive light. He can be viewed as a Zip Coon, with his pretentiousness and his implicit disregard for the fellah blacks during the auditioning for the Alabama Porch Monkeys, and his dissociation from the black vernacular. Furthermore, he embodies the Uncle Tom stereotype several times in the film, especially in the scene where he acts as the loyal, faithful and subservient black while insisting on handing off an award to Mathhew Modine (playing himself.) Delacroix is therefore himself caught in this whirlwind of Europeanization. In his relentless effort to assimilate into white culture, he gets himself a Harvard education and a penthouse, dresses professionally, and speaks the right language. Even when he sets out on his mission to deconstruct stereotypes and raise public awareness on modern day racism, he is himself unable to resist the misrepresentation and cari cature of the terms set by uncontested nonblack norms and models. Delacroix therefore also contributes both consciously and unconsciously to the dominant discourse of alienation of blacks from the white community by setting up a Coon show which idealizes a simpler time, a time when men were men, women were women, and Negroes knew their place. Some black folks are consequently outraged by his racist show and accuse him of selling out his own community. But what has actually happened to Pierre Delacroix is that he has been experiencing the split-self- disease, what Du Bois calls a twoness an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body. Aware of the fact that the popular American view has consistently dehumanized African Americans through negative representation, Delacroix does not want to be among those blacks who are despised by the European American population. He does not want to be invisible and formless. Therefore h e aspires to be both Negro and American, two identities, which, according to Du Bois (1903) are often in conflict. Delacroixs wearing of the blackface by the end of the film iterates the inescapability of the imposed mask of blackness. Realizing that he is unable to appear as anything but black in the eyes of others, he compromises with his black self and resigns himself to the mask. What Lee is actually showing is that in modern day America, and even for sophisticated and well- off black Americans, the merging of the American and the African is one very difficult (if not impossible) thing to happen. The impact of stereotypes and alienation on black identity causes one to have a keen sense of awareness about his or her various selves and how they are perceived. Often, blacks in Bamboozled (2000) have to negotiate their identity. Through this act, they inevitably reach a self-realization of twoness. Womack for instance realizes that he will always be looked down upon as a second-class American citizen, no matter how famous and successful he has become. He becomes conscious of the fact the he had been bamboozled insofar as believing that he could be an equal citizen. His success lies only in the fact that he is able to entertain white America, to always keep em laughing, a quality which Delacroixs father Junebug (Paul Mooney) believes is essential for the black American to achieve success. As shown in Extract 2 therefore, when Womack experiences double consciousness, he decides to stop acting in the minstrel show. This scene is significant in that it highlights the self-realization which is made possible only through a double-consciousness. Womack at this particular moment realizes that outside of the character of Sleepn Eat, he is simply invisible, a nobody. Through the eyes of others there is no other possible identity for him. Mantans own identity grows in conflict with that of Womack following this conversation; clearly he is still unaware of the complexities of the disjointed nature of identity in this scene. A few scenes later however, he also becomes afflicted by the same double consciousness experienced by his friend. In Extract 3, after discovering that he has been hoodwinked and led astray, Manray refuses to be further associated to Mantan. He realizes that it is fundamentally wrong to negotiate his identity through the medium of blackface. Although Lee might be suggesting that Manrays realization occurs at too late a time, his message clearly goes in line with Du Boiss (1903) argument that double consciousness is the realization that identity is mu ltifaceted. According to him, at one point or the other, black Americans develop a conflict with the different identities that they need to embody in order to be accepted by the mainstream, a conflict which is inexistent among white Americans. On the other hand, Sloans brother, Julius, who forms part of the Mau Mau revolutionary underground gang and who does not go through double consciousness because of his refusal to be seen through white Americas eyes, is juxtaposed to the blacks who try to assimilate white culture, thereby denying their own roots, language, people, and culture. Julius constantly affirms his black identity, unlike the other blacks we encounter in the film. Extract 4 shows how he refuses to be a representative of de-rooted, disenfranchised blacks. In the perspective of revolutionary blacks such as the Mau Maus therefore, Manray needs to be executed because he is a nuisance to the black community; he is a Judas, an Uncle Tom, one who contributes to the demise of his own race. The murders of Manray and Delacroix show to what extent alienation and double-consciousness can be detrimental to African Americans. They create inter-ethnic conflict and a heavy malaise in the black community. Alienation as an ideol ogical racist discourse therefore divides and rules those who are marginalized in a society that looks on in amused contempt and pity. Through the Mau Mau gang, it can be seen that those who accept and affirm their black identities are ineffective in society. They are in no way in a better state of being than those who experience double-consciousness. Since they do not master the mainstream language and do not believe in the ideological discourses of the inferiority of their race, they are forced to retire to the underground world. The fact that the imposition of history and alienation results in double consciousness in many cases in Bamboozled (2000) is destructive to all. Accepting white essentialism as culturally representable not only creates a fatal division between assimilated and un- assimilated blacks; it also kills the spirit of the black man. V. Conclusion Although the situations and the characters in Lees Bamboozled (2000) are all fictitious, and although the director does not choose the medium of docudrama to convey his important messages, he manages to successfully reconstruct blackface minstrelsy. African Americans have been freed, but only physically. There has been neither a consistent attempt to make up for the mistakes of humanity of the past nor to reshape identities. His argument in Bamboozled (2000) is that the identity dilemmas faced by the characters in the film are no different from the identity issues faced by African Americans in post-racial America. Although blacks do not find themselves as being represented in blackface or as victims of blatant segregation anymore, they are nevertheless always reminded of their blackness, and of what it implies to be a black in America. Whether Lee is genuinely successful in renegotiating a stigmatized identity or in deconstructing stereotypes by dismantling the false normativity of w hite authority remains highly debatable. On the one side, his use of satire and his engagement with the history of racism and representation impact heavily on the audience. However, the frustrating ending of Bamboozled (2000), as well as the inter- ethnic conflict between the revolutionary and the assimilated blacks, display a contaminating and intense sense of helplessness and hopelessness in regards to humanitys chances to ever get rid of the veil which separates whites and blacks in America, as well as in any other parts of the world. Lees message, considering his role as an auteur, seems to reflect Du Boiss words that the black man must not bleach his soul in a flood of white Americanism, for he knows that [his] blood has a message for the world.

Free Trade and the Environment Essay -- Globalization Economics Pollut

Free Trade and the Environment Economic Implications of Free Trade Throughout the academic discipline of economics, much attention has been lavished on the purely economic benefits of free trade as opposed to autarky. Economists have argued that both consumer and producer stand to gain from uninhibited international trade. The consumer gains access to greater quantities of a specific good at a more competitive price, while the producer is able to shift his resources into the economy’s comparative-advantage industries. In addition to static gains from trade such as increases in economic well being, free trade brings about dynamic gains as well, which further increase the expand the economic resources of the involved country. Similarly, some researchers have also pointed out the detriments accruing from free trade, especially for highly industrialized and successful states, such as the United States. Since Heckscher-Olin predicts international factor price equalization, there has been alarm that low-skilled wages in the U.S. would soon approach the wage rates paid in developing countries. This has been a concern championed by protectionists such as Patrick Buchanan. Considering Long-Term Environmental Impact However, an equally important and perhaps somewhat neglected factor, in determining a course of economic policy vis-Ã  -vis international trade should be considerations about long-term environmental impact. In this paper, we will venture to discuss the effect of free trade on the environment, taking into account current trends in international economics, and comparing different perspectives on the issue. In 2002, The Commission for Environmental Cooperation of North America, a joint effort by the US, Canada, ... ...with an increase in available resources, will enable the country to curb pollution. Cleary, though the goal through all this is to bring the world’s poorest countries from the depths of failure to prosperity, all with the lowest possible damage to the environment. SOURCES CONSULTED Antweiler, Werner and Brian Copeland and M. Scott Taylor. 1998. Is Free Trade Good for the Environment? National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA Balko, Radley. 2004. Free Trade and the Environment. < http://www.aworldconnected.org/article.php/558.html> Commission for Environmental Cooperation of North America. 2002. Free Trade and the Environment: The Picture Becomes Clearer. CEC, Montreal Husted, Steven & Michael Melvin. 2004. International Economics. Pearson Addison-Wesley, Boston Kwong, Jo. 1994. Environment and Free Trade. The Freeman: Ideas on Liberty

Nature and nurture shape our personalities

Each person is unique and a person of worth under his/her own right. This statement defines who a person is, one s endowed with the faculties to exist and be a contributing member of society. However, how a person develops certain characteristics and traits have aroused the curiosity of the scientific and academic community. Even parents want to know how personalities are developed so they would be able to rear their children in the proper way and become adults who have a well rounded personality. The questions remains, how do people develop their personalities and what factors influence it. Although some people believe that personalities are influenced by nurture while others believe that personalities are influenced by nature, but it is a combination of both nature and nurture that shape our personalities. The nature-nurture controversy has led to the different perspectives on how an individual’s personality develops. Relevant materials: The Boy Who Became a Girl The nature perspective says that a person comes into this world with a certain traits and characteristics which make him/her predisposed to behave and think in a certain way. The nature perspective is largely biological and genetic; wherein it is thought that personality is often passed from parents to offspring and that a child may inherit the traits of the parents (Carlson & Buskist, 1997) just as they inherit their father’s eyes or their mother’s skin. Moreover, the biological perspective has said that a child is already born with certain personality traits that are enduring and stable over time. If a child has a difficult temperament as a baby, it can be expected that as an adult, that child would still be moody and temperamental. Finally, the nature perspective says that personality types are based on the gene pool of the individual, they say that aggression or predisposition to violence is genetically based, some people are just born to have the violent gene and that there is nothing that can be done to change this (Friedman & Schustack, 2006). The nature perspective may seem to be deterministic and narrow, once a person is said to be shy or timid, then that person will always be shy until the end of his/her life. The nurture perspective was borne out of the reaction and revolt against the nature perspective, the proponents of the nurture perspective found the biological view close and incomplete, it was not able to account for the concept of choice and free will and that each person has the capacity to change and become better persons. The nurture perspective advocated that individuals are fundamentally good and that each person can be trained and influenced to be a better person or have positive personality traits (Friedman & Schustack, 2006). Therefore, a person may come from a family of criminals or psychotics but with the right nurturing environment and love and care the child can grow up to become morally upright and compassionate. The nurture perspective places greater importance to the quality of care and the kind of environment that a child receives during his/her early years can affect the child’s personality and will form his/her characteristics and traits. The nurture perspective does not allow for any biological influence, in fact John B. Watson in his famous declaration has been known to say that he can train children to become whatever he desires them to be (Friedman & Schustack, 2006). The nurture perspective is more positive as compared to the nature perspective when it comes to personality change. The perspective holds that each person with the right support and guidance will be able to change his/her personality traits for the better. As the nature-nurture debate wore on, scientists and philosophers were finding evidence that suggested that personality development is not solely nature nor nurture, but a combination of both perspectives. Relying on the nature perspective alone does not present a complete picture of how personality is developed. They say that personality traits are not observable and one cannot identify which gene carries what trait therefore the perspective lacked credence as traits are not adequately labeled. At the same time, saying that the environment alone is the sole influence that affects personality development is wrong. There is always the continued interplay between nature and nurture and in reality; personality is molded by the combination of these two conflicting views. Personality traits and characteristics are developed and molded by both nature and nurture factors wherein the individual finds him/her self. It is true that one’s biological traits affect the individual and can be used as basis to predict the behavior of the child in the future as well as what kind of personality he/she will have. Personality traits that are expressed through emotions have been found to be affected by the endorphins and the hormones that a person has (Carlson & Buskist, 1997). For example, men and women differ in their personalities because women have more estrogen which activates the body into being more emotional and easily affected by feelings and situations while men who have a very low estrogen levels are hardier, more composed and calm than women. The physiology of the human brain also influence the personality of the individual (Carlson & Buskist, 1997), those who have a more developed language area are more vocal, more able to express their emotions while those who have more developed logical area are more rational. Moreover, intelligence which is a key ingredient of a person’s personality is also genetically based, those who are highly intelligent will be more critical, more resilient and more introverted while those who are more socially adept will tend to be extroverted. The influence of the environment over the personality of the individual has been demonstrated by the number of cases of wherein the child has been brought up in a positive environment despite being borne in a dysfunctional family grew up to be straight and proper. In the earliest experiments of human contact which tackles the issue of nurture it was found that monkeys reared alone and without a nurturing mother was cold, lifeless and unable to relate with other monkeys. On the other hand, a monkey which was reared together with a mechanical monkey displayed more positive behaviors than the first monkey (Westen, 2003). This showed that a nurturing environment is important for the developing child, in a similar light; it was found that those children who were exposed to aggression also imitated the aggressive behavior that was shown to them (Huesmann, Moise-Titus, Podolski & Eron, 2003). These underscores the double edged sword that nurture is because a positive environment may lead to positive outcomes while a negative environment may also be a threat to the development of the child. However, taking both of the perspectives explains far more completely how personality is developed and formed. A child’s genetic make-up provides for the predispositions that a child has, while the kind of environment that he/she grows up in will also form part of his/her personality. Personality tests have often found that personality traits are stable and enduring (Westen, 2003), a child may be stubborn in his/her younger age may mellow down and with the societal influences and an environment that promotes respect and obedience may tame the stubbornness, but in the end, his/her stubbornness may prevail when placed in a difficult situation or when she has to cope with a certain issue or problem. Moreover, a child may be overly active and vocal since childhood but through experience and social forces may transform the child into an adult who excels in sports or who are activists and leaders. This is also true for the other side of personality, the evil and dark side. Some children are evil and these can be observed in their behavior towards other children or other creatures, and sometimes they grow up to be criminals and sociopaths (Westen, 2003). In a same vein, children who have experienced abuse and traumatic events tend to develop personality disorders that affect their quality of life and relationships. Lastly, it has been reported that injuries to the brain have often resulted to a change in personality (Westen, 2003) and these had adverse effects to the individual and his/her family. The person’s behavior becomes erratic; he/she may have mood swings or may even portray a personality that is completely uncharacteristic of him/her. Without a doubt, personality is shaped by one’s biological predispositions and environment, each one of us have heard a small voice inside of us that shares our thoughts and feelings, while the most important persons in our lives have influenced and inspired us to dream and fulfill our ambitions in life. In the past the nature versus nurture debate was intensely championed by both sides, but at present it has been realized that acknowledging both the nature and nurture aspect of one’s development and personality provides a more complete and accurate picture of human nature. References Carlson N. & Buskist W. (1997). Psychology: The Science of Behavior 5th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Friedman, H. & Schustack, M. (2006). Personality: Classic theories and modern Research 3rd ed. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Huesmann, L., Moise-Titus, J., Podolski, C.   & Eron, L. (2003). Longitudinal relations between children’s exposure to TV violence and their aggressive and violent behavior in young adulthood: 1977-1992. Developmental Psychology, 39, 201-221. Westen, D. (2003). Psychology: Brain, Behavior, and Culture. New York: Wiley & Sons.

How does the poet convey the sadness of death in Mid-Term Break Essay Example

How does the poet convey the sadness of death in Mid How does the poet convey the sadness of death in Mid-Term Break Paper How does the poet convey the sadness of death in Mid-Term Break Paper Essay Topic: Poetry The concepts of death and grief are often interlinked. This is demonstrated in Seamus Heaneys poem, Mid-Term Break, where he conveys the sadness of death after his own brother, Christopher, dies. Heaney uses various language techniques, sound devices, symbolizations and contrasts to achieve this sense of sorrow. In the first stanza, Heaneys clever use of the phrase counting bells knelling classes to a close illustrates the similarity of school bells to funeral bells. The use of assonance and alliteration in this phrase emphasizes the funereal sounds of the bells. Also, the hard consonant sounds in counting, classes, and close foreshadow some form of cruel finality, providing a feeling of melancholy, as well as apprehension. After such subtleties, we can finally see blatant evidence to the presence of death. In the second stanza, when Heaney arrives home, he sees his father crying, even though he had always taken funerals in his stride. Because of the line he had always taken funerals in his stride, we learn that someone has died. Also, Heaneys father can be seen to be strong and unyielding. Yet, this image of him crying and grieving so openly demonstrates how distressing this death really is. Looking at Heaneys other parent; in her we do not see a soft or idealistic image of a woman sobbing gently, but rather a rough, realistic image of a mother who is saddened beyond tears. Instead of crying, she coughed out angry, tearless sighs, indicative of her anger and harsh feelings of loss. Her extreme sorrow at the death of Christopher shows that the grief brought on by death is always immeasurable. Thus, Heaney uses both his parents to compare the varying expressions of sadness after death. It is in the sixth stanza where symbolism is first used. Snowdrops represent life and innocence, while candles symbolize funeral rites, and death. Heaney contrasts the concepts of life and death in this stanza to emphasize death with subtle symbolism. He has achieved this whilst showing that there has been a loss of innocence, that being Christophers, as well as his own. This loss of innocence leaves behind regret in the reader and a sudden feeling of loss and misery. In this sixth stanza, the words, Paler now, seem to hang at the end of the verse and implies the contrast of a living Christopher to a dead one. This simple description once again stresses Heaneys sadness for his death and his longing for his brother back. The sentence then carries on to the seventh stanza, which sets up for the final line: A four foot box, a foot for every year It is this line where Heaney has concentrated most of his anger, sadness, and grief. This makes the reader finally understand the tragedy that has taken place, as well as emphasizing each and every word of the sentence. This also stuns the reader as this is where the reader first realizes how young Heaneys brother really is, and allows them to fully comprehend the shock and grief the family, and Heaney, must have felt. However, despite his feelings, throughout the poem, Heaney manages to imply, but not explicitly state, his own feelings. Rather, he sustains an impersonal sense of sorrow and grief, while describing the scenes and atmosphere of that event. This presents the audience with a sense of Heaneys numbness, a lack of any strong emotions, due to the initial shock of the tragedy. To emphasize this shock, Heaney has used a very simple free verse with little rhyme and rhythm. This allows the poem to deliver a very simple, yet effective story, and so is definite in its meaning. Phrases such as Next morning I went into the room get straight to the point and are not excessively fancy. Heaneys lack of concern for unnecessary waffle allows him to convey the sadness of death clearly and concisely. Heaney manages to convey to the reader the feeling of sadness after death. His use of various contrasts of life and death emphasize the death, and the remorse resulting from it. Also, his use of simple, impersonal language and effective sounds allows the reader to fully grasp the severity of this death. In turn, this helps Heaney to implicitly present his own feelings of sadness and sorrow. Also, the final line has been built-up so that the full impact of this event finally hits the reader. His brother is dead and his life fixed in a perpetual Mid-Term Break.

Toothpick Bridges essays

Toothpick Bridges essays Building a toothpick bridge is much more complicated than many people realize. In order to build a successful bridge, one must research bridges in order to find which bridge is the best in a particular situation. There are several types of bridges and all of them have different places in which they will be used. Some bridges are used to span across a small freeway, others are used to span across a deep gorge, and other bridges are used to cover over a huge water way. A person must design the perfect bridge in order to hold the desired weight for the bridge. Even the top skilled architects make mistakes while designing a bridge. Although bridges often go ignored, their purpose is essential to modern America. In the 1850s, covered wagons heading west had to move across streams or rivers. Without the right bridges in place, the pioneers would sometimes travel many miles out of the way to find a safe place to cross a river. Other times they waited for days or weeks for flooded rivers to go down until it was safe to cross. Crossing rivers was a dangerous part of early travel. Narrow wheels sank into the muddy river bottoms and unpredictable currents took peoples lives and property. Consider how long it would take to cross a river today if bridges were not included in the roads. Consider how the movement of people, goods, and services would be affected without highway systems, which include bridges. The entire American economy as we know it would be hurt greatly. There are six basic modern bridge forms: the beam, the truss, the arch, the cantilever, the cable-stay, and the suspension. A beam bridge is made of long timber, metal, or concrete beams anchored at each end. If the beams are arranged in triangles, so that each shares only a portion of the weight on any part of the structure, the result is a truss bridge. An arch bridge has a curved shape causing the vertical force of the weight it carries to produce a horizontal...

Mary Parker Folletts strategy as practice and leadership Essay

Mary Parker Folletts strategy as practice and leadership - Essay Example Micromanagement and establishing rigorous control systems to ensure performance were also part of the scientific management approach which led to conflict between management and employees (Mullins 2004). Follett was indicating that management involves acknowledgement of a variety of factors pertaining to worker characteristics that are inclusive of psychological needs and motivations and the sociological condition, thus defying scientific management’s effectiveness. Follett was attempting to illustrate that in order to create functional strategy and improve organisational performance, managers must develop leadership traits, avoiding the process of over-managing workers and instead seeking followership rather than command and control systems. This management philosopher, quite ahead of her time, saw organisations as complex organisms that required interaction between disparate manager and employee personalities and differing psychological tendencies in order to maximise employ ee productivity and commitment. This essay performs a critical appraisal of Mary Parker Follett’s assessment of the organisation, in order to outperform competition focusing specifically on the concepts of organisational complexity, the structure and purpose of complex adaptive systems, the impact of Follett’s viewpoint on leadership obligations and compares this to the practice perspective in real-world organisations. Based on the research on contemporary strategic management. (Mullins 2004).