Liquidity Effects in Corporate Bond Spreads Summary Essay

Liquidity Effects in Corporate Bond Spreads Summary - Essay Example However, practical separation of the two fundamental factors is indescribable. Separation of the two fundamental factors during measurement of credit spreads and inherent risks associated with corporate bonds is domineering in understanding individual contributions amongst the two. However, comprehensive understanding of liquidity effects within a specified bond pairs traded by a firm on a given day assists in examining their spreads or yields. Liquidity proxies define the most effective technique of measuring liquidity effects and corporate bond spreads on a given pair of bonds from the same firm. However, liquidity proxies have significant faults in determining the inherent effects requiring addition of clarifying power by incorporating other firms’ bonds. Matching bonds issued by the same firm helps in subduing credit risks and elaborating existing variation within bond spreads. Since liquidity proxies elaborates limited inherent variations in corporate spreads, it is essential to incorporate the aforementioned descriptive power through linking measurement to prices of other bonds within the diverse market. Unreliability of liquidity proxies in providing spreads associated with corporate bonds prompts for further explanation and affirms that measuring bond spreads with liquidity proxies is inherently

Annie’s Advice Quotes Essay Example for Free

Annie’s Advice Quotes Essay Dear Annie, The other day, I got Chinese take-out and the lady at the till offered me a cookie and told me that the fortunes actually come true. The cookie told me I was gonna be king! I immediately knew it was referring to homecoming king at the dance next Saturday, but the surprising thing was that it seemed like everyone was already voting for one of my friends, the captain of the football team. He IS the most popular guy in school. But I really wanna be king too! My girlfriend thinks I should embarrass my friend so that he loses some popularity votes, but if people find out it was me, it could really hurt my reputation. I don’t know what to do-please help! -Wannabe King Dear Wannabe, I have two things to say to you. Firstly, I don’t believe in fortune cookiesespecially ones that say you’ll become king, secondly, get a new girlfriend! The cookie merely states what might happen, you shouldn’t take it too seriously and definitely don’t take matters into your own hands. If it is saying the truth then you’ll become homecoming king and if the â€Å"Chinese prophecies† are wrong, you won’t. As someone once said, Theres no use trying to rush fate, because the best things in life are worth the wait. You’ll live both ways so I don’t know why your girlfriend is guiding you to the wrong path especially when it would hurt a friend. If you possess the qualities of a king you might eventually become one! -Annie Dear Annie, My friend and I love playing soccer, he was really enthusiastic and always thought of the better of the team, therefore he was voted captain of our school’s soccer team. He was super thrilled, and so was Iat first. As I watched him at practice he began to act differently. He started bossing us around and would get really frustrated when we messed up. As captain he decided he had the authority to put people down, including his friends. I am really worried for him because he’s losing his friends and if he keeps going at this rate he might even be kicked off the team. I really want to help him but I don’t know how. I have a feeling his hubris is getting to him. Do you have any suggestions on how I could help? -Worried friend Dear Worried, WhoaHUBRIS? I have to admit, I looked that up. But I agree; that is a great way to describe your friend’s situation. Read the quote of the day above. Things like this are bound to happen when you get power. Mr. â€Å"Captain† over there has some overflowing pride in him which is making him act like a jerk. Have a talk with him, tell him how you feel the team is breaking apart and bring forward the consequences he might have to face in case things go out of hand. I am sure he will understand and kudos to you for looking out for him! -Annie Dear Annie, The girl I have a crush on forgot to do her homework, so to impress her, I gave her mine. But then I didn’t have my own work and the teacher would get really mad at me so I stole Kevin’s (a classmate). I’m really afraid that he will find out and snitch on me. Whenever he walks up to me I get really nervous and make sure nothing gives it away. I really can’t get it off my mind. I know I shouldn’t have done it in the first place and I’m really disappointed that I tried to impress my crush like that, I didn’t know the consequences! How should I deal with it? I feel like I will never be forgiven. I don’t usually do things like this. Should I fess up? Should I just deal with the fear? Help me! -P.I.M.P. (Pissing In My Pants) Dear P.I.M.P., Creative name there, is the irony intended? I’m guessing you’re still young, you don’t need to sacrifice something to earn a girls respect. She should like you for who you are. It was your fault and your decision that led to the cost. Make sure you think before you act in life and apologize to your classmate and teacher, they will understand, people make mistakes. Some detention is better than dealing with the guilt and paranoia. Next time think about, if what you gain is worth the consequences. -Annie Dear Annie, I was recently offered a job to be a director at a large multinational company, but I am hesitating to accept it. My fiancà ©e thinks it is a really good opportunity and is pushing me towards it. The company already has a director but they requested me to join as I have higher qualifications. Accepting the offer would get the current director fired. I agree that it’s a good opportunity but I’d hate to do that to someone for my own purposes when I already have a decent job. My fiancà ©e keeps threatening our wedding and whether I am capable of supporting her and her future children. She has basically dictated that if I do not take the offer she will no longer have respect for me. I really love her and want to see her happy, should I be agreeing with her? -Future Groom? Dear Future Groom, You’re a groom not a broom! Talk it out with your fiancà ©e and make her understand that your current job will keep her and YOUR children secure. If it will really hurt your morals to take the job away from somebody then you should tell her this and hopefully if she loves you as much she will see your point. If she doesn’t and still threatens your marriage hkgold your stand and don’t let her control your actions, be a man! -Annie 998 words Rationale For this assignment, I chose to do an advice column where people write to â€Å"Annie† about their problems, seeking guidance. The advice seekers’ circumstances represent those of Macbeth and Annie brings to notice the lessons that can be learnt from them. She gives positive guidance whereas in the play the opposite happens. The reason behind Annie answering the questions in this way is to emphasize on the morals of the play. Annie also has a funny edge to her in a way that displays her persona. I believe she is a cheerful young lady who speaks the truth and uses humour so that people feel comfortable talking to her. The questions show my understanding of how power corrupts in Macbeth and some of the lenses whereas the answers portray my understanding of the themes. I thought an advice column was a creative way to show the message that people should take out of reading or watching Macbeth. The reason I didn’t just use actual Macbeth situations was because I was aiming it at a younger, contemporary audience so that they can understand it thoroughly and also it shows that the similar situations to the ones Shakespeare used in the past can occur in the present. The fact that the situations are realistic also gives reason to why the morals are important because they can be easily applied to daily life to make you a better, wiser person unlike Macbeth. Most advice columns have some sort of heading, mines a quote. The quote at the top of the page explains to the readers the main message of the pieces following and is the topic for that week’s advice. I did this so I could organise my writing better as well as I thought it was an imaginative start to the task.

Philosophical Justifications for Physical Education

Philosophical Justifications for Physical Education Issues in Physical Education Examine the implications of the various philosophical justifications for Physical Education for the teaching of the subject. The philosophies of the philosophers Within a traditional context, Physical Education (PE) has been perceived as a non-academic subject in comparison to more well established subjects such as mathematics and the sciences. Different philosophers and commentators conjure various justifications by which PE can be placed within the National Curriculum (NC) and how the subject itself should be approached and delivered. This essay attempts to highlight and examine these philosophies, their implications and how they affect the perceptions and delivery of PE in this country. Education is essentially associated with attainment of valuable knowledge. This knowledge, according to Hirst (1974, 1992, 1994) and Peter (1966), is that of theoretical and intellectual attainment. It is knowledge in this context which has an impact on our everyday lives. This is what is often termed as ‘orthodox’ education which arguably excludes PE. Reid (1998) supports this view stating that education must comprise (of) an acquisition of valuable knowledge. (Taking this into account) From Reid’s perspective, it follows that (it can be argued that) PE (does in fact) can be considered to develop valuable knowledge on its particular subject matter. (Moreover) In addition to this, Reid (1998) reinforces his hypothesis by highlighting the link between the theoretical concept and the resulting practical knowledge. This is as a result of a ‘new orthodoxy’ construct within PE, (developed from attempts) which developed from a perceived need to justify PE’s intellectual properties. These include the increase in academic PE through examinations and the establishment of PE degrees and Sports Science degrees. Reid (1998) (believes) suggests that PE fulfils the criteria that education demands, simply by practical knowledge through experience to develop ‘knowing how’. (So) When this is reinforced with theoretical knowledge relating to PE, educators of the subjects are arguably (overstepping) exceeding the currently accepted educational requirements as practical knowledge is deemed a satisfactory justification for inclusion within the NC. You need to put a reference to support this statement. One example of this type of educational justification can be seen in Sport Science degrees where physiology is complementary to pedagogy. This point made in Hoberman, J. (1992). Add the quote if you wish Reid (1998) in fact, states that practical knowledge should not be either linked with or (lessened) reduced to ‘simple’ ability, where a student is able to strike a ball for example. â€Å"It is not the status of PE which is problematic then, but rather the academic view of education† (Reid, 1997, page 21), which is perhaps a little uncertain. It is this indecision which hinders the perception of PE within the subject itself and their resulting arguments of justification of NC status. Reid (1997) further argues that education is not simply an academic endeavour but also the endorsement of personal and social assistance. This hedonistic approach somewhat further blurs the boundaries as to what is and what is not considered to be educational, as it suggests enjoyment is a precondition for education. Enjoyment is totally subjective and what may be perceived as enjoyable by one individual may not necessarily be enjoyable (for) by another. This continued difference in opinion is echoed by Parry (1998). It is suggested that Reid (1998) fails to validate practical knowledge and to justify just how the skills learnt are worthwhile in nature. Where Reid (1997) states that the source of educational value of PE is in fact the pleasure extracted from the subject, it has been suggested that he has fallen (prone) prey to the perhaps arguably misleading notion of hedonism (Parry, 1998). As suggested earlier, pleasure, by definition, is (found) derived only from something a person enjoys. Should an individual fail to enjoy PE, (than) then this contradicts Reid’s (1997) concept. Carr (1997) however states that as much as Reid’s (1997) work challenges some of the standard perceptions of education, it does contain some inaccuracies and misconceptions. It would be sensible to state just what you think these misconceptions are. Although Carr (1997) accepts that PE has certain levels of knowledge acquisition, this does not necessarily mean a concurrence with all of Reid’s (1998) opinions. This is rather messy, and the point is not clearly made. What are the specific points that Carr disagrees with? state. You might find it useful to put parts of the next paragraph in here. The implications of this are that Reid (1998) believes that PE can alter your perception and comprehension of the world. However, people can be perceived as less educationally proficient should their experiences in the sciences and maths for example, be less than others. This is not the case with regard to PE as individuals are seen as ‘non-sporty’ rather than educat ionally deficient. These differing view points again further obscures the boundaries of PE’s educational worth. This point is made in Andy Clark (1996), I suggest that you put in the reference! Carr’s (1997) opinions differ in that his paper raises the prospect of a distinction between education and teaching of ‘life skills’ (or schooling). The implications of this are that Carr (1997) believes that education provides valuable knowledge and understanding, which is the predominant culture within schools, but schools also aim to provide vocational knowledge. It is suggested that sport falls into this appreciation as it teaches skills and abilities that can be applied directly or adapted for life after school and beyond. These abilities can include communication and team work. Parry (1998) has expressed the opinion that education is not purely the quest for ‘valued’ knowledge but is coupled with enhancement of personal virtue due to â€Å"philosophical anthropology and the promotion of Olympian ideas† (Parry, 1998, page 65). (In other words) The implications being that, as a result of philosophical perspectives upon the human race, the promotion of the Olympian ideal that occurs through PE (which) has a lasting effect upon the individual in that it alters their values, goals for excellence, and their relationships. This is supported by McNamee (2005, page 16) who states a less restricted overview of education which is â€Å"the initiation into a range of cultural practices that have the capacity to open up the possibilities of living a full and worthwhile life†. (Yet) Again the implication of this viewpoint is that it supports the notion that PE can help provide and establi sh ‘life skills’, thus supporting its educational value. McNamee (2005, page 15) feels that Peter and Carr (1997) remain too ideological due to their â€Å"traditional liberal distinctions† even though McNamee (2005) states his belief that education is a vessel for dispensing cultural customs. McNamee (2005) continues to highlight some oversights in the work of both Reid and Parry, suggesting that the (forma) former does not describe important epistemological aspects within PE as a subject. Although Reid does cite examples of practical knowledge application, there is a distinct absence of examples that are relevant to PE itself, thus providing evidence to support his view point but not with particular clarity in regard to PE. In fairness, I don’t think that Reid’s paper was specifically about PE as such, it was about education in general although certainly it featured PE do you want to rephrase this point? Additionally, McNamee (2005) believes that Reid’s hedonistic (standing) view point that simply pleasure alone is justification for PE’s place on the NC is not entirely plausible. A point made in: Pekka Elo Juha Savolainen (2000), . Do you want to cite the reference? In comparison, McNamee (2005) draws attention to the cultural (practices) roles sport can play. These include, as Parry (1998) suggests, the formation of identities and the development to values which (is) are suggested to be closely linked to education. People â€Å"have the capacity to develop, evaluate and live out their own life plans based on a combination of projects, relationships and commitments† (McNamee, 2005, page 16). Sport and PE, according to McNamee (2005), (has) have the ability to meet these potentials through a unique assortment of internal, and in turn external values, that are somewhat unique to sport and PE. One example could be teamwork experience from team games. Teamwork blankets many subdivisions including communication. The skills learned and finely developed within PE lessons can help in the attainment of employment, not necessarily only in a sporting context. So it would appear that PE contains the valued principles that Hirst and Peter suggest are key to education. The implications are therefore, according to McNamee (2005, page 17), that the educators of â€Å"cultural rituals† should ensure that â€Å"the values PE has and gives, are kept in good health†. The implication here being that , this argues that PE should remain within the curriculum as it teaches and enriches ‘life skills’. (So) It appears therefore that there is much debate with regard to the implications of the conflicting elements of various philosophies regarding a unified perception of just what PE is and the resulting justification of its place within the NC. Reid argues that practical knowledge alone is in fact as valued as intellectual knowledge. Moreover, Reid also states that the gratification taken from PE further enforces this validation. Carr believes the contrary because philosophers have failed to differentiate between schooling and education. In contrast, Parry takes the view that a more Olympian standing point should be taken, in that PE can be used to promote achievement and excellence. Furthermore, McNamee states that PE contains many cultural values and can be used as a vessel to deliver these. In doing so, PE has an effect on our everyday lives, (therefore) thereby becoming educationally noteworthy as it contains ‘valued’ principles. These somewhat contradictory philosophies and the resulting confusion in the implications derived from them, highlight the fact that (through) by selecting one philosophy as a standard conception of PE’s justification within the NC and not another, will inevitably lead to a dispute as to why it was selected in the first place. Clearly this is a matter of personal evaluation. What must be taken into account are the philosophies and ideologies of the PE teachers themselves. They are the administrators and deliverers of the subject and their opinions and ideologies can greatly influence the notion and (conception) implementation of PE. You could cite Tà ¤nnsjà ¶, T. and Tamburrini, C. (Eds.) (2000) As a reference on this point The philosophies of the Physical Education teachers. The ‘philosophies’ of PE teachers are generally considered to come about as a result of the culmination of experiences within sport, education, and everyday life (within and outside school). Included within these is ‘sport for all’, education for leisure and the continued development of the academic principles within PE (Green, 2000, 2001, 2003). Although these greatly influence the philosophies of PE teachers, health related exercise and enjoyment of the subject appear to be the central focal point of their lessons. According to Green (2000), enjoyment and pleasure formed the basis for PE teacher’s lessons. One could say that a happy classroom is a learning classroom. It is through this that PE offers enjoyment, which acts as a catalyst for increased control over students and in turn heightens learning (Green, 2000). (Their) His justification of this is that PE can often be a ‘release’ of stress and pressure from other academic aspects of school, yet still maintaining its own promotion of the academic virtues in itself (Green, 2000). However, as discussed previously, enjoyment is not considered a prerequisite of education. With teachers adopting a more hedonistic approach to their lessons, the educational value of their lessons arguably become questionable. Do you want to justify this comment? Suggest using reference Savolainen J Elo P 2000 In fact, many PE teachers perceive their subject as secondary to other subjects as they consider PE inferior in an academic sense (Green, 2000). In Green’s (2000) study, many PE teachers associated enjoyment with sport. Understandably, sport is seen as the chief characteristic for the delivery of PE. The implications being that this often falls under a competitive sports bracket, largely in the form of team games. The main emphasis for PE teachers was development of skill acquisition and the resulting competence in performance (Green, 2000). However, this focus on competition within sport (is) can be contradictory to PE teacher’s slant towards hedonism. Many students dislike competitiveness and some even dislike sport in a ‘traditional’ sense (e.g. rugby, cricket, hockey etc.). This is particularly the case with girls (Green, 2001). The implication therefore appears that students can associate a distaste for something which PE teachers perceive as the very essence of their subject, something which they feel (is) should be enjoyable. Another justification for inclusion on the NC from a PE teacher’s perspective is the promotion of health related fitness. One could question whether one hour of PE a week has an effect upon a student’s fitness, but rather highlights the fact that PE lessons themselves do not endorse healthy living but create an association with physical activity which can be carried into life after school. This in turn develops a healthy lifestyle (Green, 2001, 2003). PE teachers see sport as the main conduit for endorsement of a healthy lifestyle (Green, 2000). However, it is important to note that it is an assumption that PE actually has an impact on students and therefore affects their behaviour later in life, although this is perhaps a rather logical assumption. Kirk (2002) suggests that there is little evidence to suggest that PE lessons in secondary schools actually successfully promote lifelong participation. Therefore, it is important to establish what PE teachers are doing, and can do, to reinforce their hedonistic approach to establish current and future healthy living (discussed later). The principal difference between teacher’s philosophies and philosophers philosophies is that teachers are frequently (somewhat) adamant their hedonistic approach is justification enough, where as, by contrast, philosophers are more inclined to persevere a more ‘orthodox’ educational justification. The implications of this statement being that PE teachers tend to feel a greater need to justify their position within the NC, and arguably this is justly so as they perhaps fail to acknowledge the perspective of some philosophers. It could therefore be argued that the philosophies of PE teachers are in fact more ideological in nature, as their attitudes towards justification within the NC, when compared to research by philosophers, are paradoxical. This may be due to the fact that PE teachers are more engaged than removed with their ideas (Green, 2001). Green has suggested that the implications are that these ideologies are suggested to have been formed by what they (the teachers) are accustomed to (i.e. learned practices). This may have stemmed from individual’s (e.g. their own PE teachers) and experiences that have influenced their belief. Green (2000 Pg 79) states that â€Å"It is somewhat unsurprising to find that PE teachers’ philosophies as well as their practices represent something of a compromise (Green, 2000, page 79) between these influences as they perhaps, in terms of opinions and view points, pull them in distinctly assorted directions.† However, Green (2000) does argue that some relationship is present, connecting both philosophers’ and PE teachers’ opinions, although this is perhaps more through coincidence than mindful analysis by PE teachers. The practical implication of this philosophy in this link can be seen in a more leisure-based PE programme. Sport England (2003) note that that the most frequently taught sport within schools is athletics. This is followed by gym, tennis, rounders, hockey and netball. It can be seen that these sports are consistent with the competitive team sports which PE teachers are accustomed to and with those sports in which many students are disinclined to participate (in). There is a stark contrast between this statement and a survey detailing of what sports students enjoy the most. You need to quote the source of this survey. These include basketball, badminton, swimming, cycling, roller skating and bowling (more ‘lifestyle activities’). As it stands, PE lessons are dominated by more ‘traditional’ sports. These appear to be the sports which students find less enjoyable. It is therefore contradictory of their hedonistic approach for teachers to persist with these spor ts. Promotion of lifelong participation is one of their (the teachers) justifications for position within the NC, and as it appears ‘carry over’ of these sports into adulthood is negligible, it would be illogical and contradictory to fail in the inclusion of more ‘lifestyle activities’, even if this goes against their ideologies. These activities are often carried out after school as extracurricular PE, as normal school time and budgets restrict the ability to run them. Fairclough, Stratton and Baldwin (2002) state that under 50% of schools offer lifestyle activities as extra-curricular PE. This is supported by Penny and Harris (1997, cited in Green, Smith and Roberts, 2005, page 28) who state that extra curricular PE is â€Å"more of the same†. This is being of reference again to ‘traditional games’ PE. It is clear that some teachers are taking (into) account of the (findings) beliefs of the philosophers that we have cited above. They understand the importance of ‘carry over’ into life after school as (this is) being best achieved through more ‘lifestyle’ activities. However, more is needed as only half of schools run these activities within their lessons or as extra curricular options. Ideally you need a reference to back up this statement So, it therefore appears that the implication of the thrust of these arguments is that the majority of PE teachers position enjoyment at the forefront of their lessons. This compliments Reid’s argument that PE is, and should continue to be, more hedonistic. A more leisure orientated education has developed, as suggested by McNamee, which runs parallel with, and encompasses, valued cultural practices philosophy (Green, 2003). (However), This is not always the case however, as some teachers are restricted to their ‘comfort zone’ in terms of what sports and activities their lessons include. This is seen in the findings of Sport England (2003) where only 50% of schools offer a more leisure based, ‘lifestyle’ option. By remaining within their ‘comfort zone’, teachers are contradicting their justification of NC status by pleasure, as many students do not enjoy more ‘traditional’ PE. (Moreover, their (the teachers)). Teachers may co nsider that another justification of life long participation is also challenged as those who fail to enjoy PE lessons are more inclined to sever ties with physical activity. In contrast, the view of Carr that PE should perhaps be dissected and analysed separately from the other aspects of the NC has implications that coincide with the view that teachers have formed of their subject. They (consider) regard it in a different way to other more overtly academic subjects, as it is more of a release of pressures from those other subjects. There are various philosophies and ideologies which have formed for, and have formed as a result of, the justification for NC status. This is a bold statement. Can you justify it? Some contradict one another, and some support each other. This is messy and nebulous. If you have a clear point you need to make it overtly. (However,) what is clear however, is that there is much debate on the subject, and a topic which demands so much deliberation must, in itself, justify its importance solely through the vastness and time spent on arguing its case. No. I don’t agree. It must justify itself on the strength of its arguments or the evidence base supporting it. The philosophical justification has nothing to do with the length of time spent arguing about it! This applies whether the argument is for or against NC inclusion. References Carr, J. (1997) Physical Education and Value Diversity: A Response to Andrew Reid. European Physical Education Review, 3(2), page 195-205. Fairclough, S., Stratton, G., and Baldwin, G. (2002) The Contribution of Secondary School Physical Education to Lifetime Physical Activity. European Physical Review, 8(1), page 69-84. Green, K. (2000) Exploring Everyday Philosophies of PE Teachers from a Sociological Perspective. Sport, Education and Society, 5(2). Green, K. (2001) Physical Education Teachers in their Figurations: A Sociological Analysis of Everyday ‘Philosophies’, Sport, Education and Society, 6(2). Green, K. (2003) Physical Education Teachers on Physical Education: A Sociological Study of Philosophies and Ideologies. Chester: Chester Academic Press. Green, K., Smith, A., and Roberts. (2005) Young People and Lifelong Participation in Sport and Physical Activity: A Sociological Perspective on Contemporary Physical Education Programmes in England and Wales. Leisure Studies, 24(1), page 27-43. Hirst, P. (1974) Knowledge and the Curriculum. London, Routledge, Kegan and Paul Hirst, P. (1992) Education, Knowledge and Practices. Papers of the Philosophy of Education Society of Great Britain, April 26-28. Hirst, P. (1994) Keynote Address, National Conference for Physical Education, Sport and Dance, Loughborough University, 1994. McNamee, M. (2005) The Nature and Value of Physical Education. in Green, K. and Hardiman, K. (Eds.) Physical Education: Essential Issues, page 1-20. London: Sage. Parry, J. (1998) The Justification of Physical Education. in Green, K. and Hardman, K. (Eds.) Physical Education: A Reader, page 36-68. Meyer and Meyer: Verlag. Penny, D. and Harris, J. (1997) Extra-curricular Physical Education: More of the Same for the More Able. Sport, Education and Society, 2(!), page 41-54. Peter, R.S. (1966) Ethics and Education, London, Allen and Unwin. Reid, A. (1997) Value Pluralism and Physical Education. European Physical Education Review. 3(3). Page 6-20 Reid, A. (1998) Knowledge, Practice and Theory in Physical Education. in Green, K. and Hardman, K. (Eds.) Physical Education: A Reader, page 17-35. Meyer and Meyer: Verlag. Sport England (2003) Young People and Sport in England: Trends in Participation 1994-2002. Sport England: London. Generally a good piece of work. I have made changes in grammar and syntax directly but have left some changes for your discretion. You must get out of the habit of starting paragraphs and sentences with adverbs!!! In commenting on this piece, I have tried to follow your own thought train and arguments which are largely sound, and have not tried to substantially alter the thrust of your submission. It is important to put in overt references to â€Å"the implications† of the various philosophies, as many of your comments are relevant but rather tangential and do not therefore directly relate to the question. You have spent a fair bit of time arguing that the NC is essentially pivotal in the justification of the various philosophical schema outlined and I’m not sure that the authors would actually agree with you. It is surely the viability or justification of the NC that is secondary to the philosophical outlines. You might want to reconsider some of your stronger statements on this point. The references that I have suggested that you include are:- Andy Clark (1996), Connectionism, Moral Cognition, and Collaborative Problem Solving, in May Friedman Clark (eds), Mind and Morals. Essays in Cognitive Science and Ethics, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp.109-128. Pekka Elo Juha Savolainen (2000), Just Learning in Acta Philosophica Fennica vol. 65: New Ethics New Society or the Dawn of Justice, Hakapaino Oy, pp. 149-187. Savolainen J Elo P 2000 Philosophy Teaching As Cultural Heritage: From Bildung Und Urteilskraft To Communities Of Inquiry Bulletin of the Russian Philosophical Society (2000) Hoberman, J. (1992) Mortal Engines: The Science of Performance and the Dehumanization of Sport, New York: The Free Press Tà ¤nnsjà ¶, T. and Tamburrini, C. (Eds.) (2000) Values in Sport: Elitism, Nationalism, Gender Equality and the Scientific Manufacture of Winners, London: Routledge. I think you should do well with this as it is certainly well above the standard of many that I have seen. If you wanted to expand the arguments further you could move into the area of virtue theory as a philosophy and the implications for teaching which are huge Here is an extract from Lumpkin, A.; Stoll, S.K.; Beller, J.M. (1999) Sport Ethics: Applications for Fair Play, (second edition) Boston: McGraw Hill. In the recent past, there has been a revival of virtue theory in mainstream and applied ethics. This has usually taken the form of a resuscitation of Aristotle’s work. Here ethics is based upon good character and the good life will be lived by those who are in possession of a range of virtues such as courage, co-operativeness, sympathy, honesty, justice, reliability, and so on and the absence of vices such as cowardice, egoism, dishonesty, and so on. Sport’s traditional function as role modeller for youth is premised upon virtue theory. Russell Gough’s (1997) admirable book is a user-friendly application of virtue ethics in sports. This language has an immediate application in the contexts of sports in theory but in practice, spitefulness, violence, greed often characterise elite sports. Moreover, we often question the integrity of certain coaches or officials just as chastise players who deceive the officials Ref: Gough, R. (1997) Character is everything: promoting ethical excellence in sports, Orlando: Harcourt Brace.

Characteristics and behaviors of an effective counselor Essay -- Psych

Characteristics and Behaviors of Effective Counseling The purpose of this paper is to analyze counselor behaviors and characteristics utilizing a case study from the COUN 6100 learning resources (n.d.). The first section will include aspects of the counselor’s responses I find to be effective. The next will examine areas where I see the counselor’s interactions as ineffective. The final section will feature an overview of how the factors in the preceding sections might impact the case study session. Effective Characteristics and Behaviors Levitt (2001) stresses active listening as a key element of successful counseling interactions. This listening style includes a number of verbal and nonverbal skills that give the client a sense of being heard and understood (Cooper, 2010). I was only able to analyze the verbal aspects of the counselor’s interactions due to the nature of the case study. The counselor in this scenario does a good job of asking several open questions and paraphrasing the client’s thoughts. An example of an open question is when he says, â€Å"Tell me about what anger issues look like for you.† This gave more control to the client and elicited specific information to deepen the conversation (Cooper, 2010). There is a time in the scenario when the counselor suggests that the client’s wife come to the session, despite the client’s earlier comments about his wish to focus on himself. The counselor realizes his mistake and apologizes to the client immediately. He then reflects on how that exchange might have felt, which is validated by the client. This could be effective in strengthening their relationship. The summary is another important way for the counselor to help the client organize key thoughts, feelings and... ...tentiveness, I think that the therapeutic relationship started in this scenario can be productive. References Cooper, J.B. (2010). Counseling microskills. In B.T. Erford (Ed.), Orientations to the Counseling Profession: Advocacy, ethics, and essential professional foundations (pp.148-162). New Jersey: Pearson. Levitt, D. (2001). Active Listening and Counselor Self-Efficacy: Emphasis on One Microskill in Beginning Counselor Training. Clinical Supervisor, 20(2), 101. Tape Transcript. (n.d.). [Learning resource]. Retrieved from http://sylvan.live.ecollege.com/ec/courses/76294/CRS-WUPSYC6205-6211712/6100_Wk_5_Tape_Transcript_1.26.10.doc Sheperis, D.S. and Ellis, C.M., (2010). The counseling process. In B.T. Erford (Ed.), Orientations to the Counseling Profession: Advocacy, ethics, and essential professional foundations (pp.124-147). New Jersey: Pearson.

Globalization Questionnaire Essay

Globalization is a shift toward a more interdependent and integrated world economy (Hill, 2009). The globalization of markets and the globalization of production are several factors of globalization. Advances in transportation and telecommunications make it possible for businesses to reach other countries. National economies are merging and material culture looks the same no matter where an individual is in the world. Mercantilism, absolute advantage, comparative advantage, new trade theory, Heckscher-Ohlin, product life-cycle, and national competitive advantage are all international trade theories. Drivers of Globalization One driver of globalization is the declining trade and investment barriers. Many decades ago, strict barriers to international trade and direct foreign investment existed (Hill, 2009). The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established to help countries work together in an effort to cut tariffs on industrial services, goods, and agriculture. The other driver of globalization is technological change. Advances in information processing, transportation, and the Internet have evolved since World War II (Hill, 2009). The microprocessor is the single most important innovation in technology. Microprocessors encode, transmit, and decode information. The rapid expansion of the Internet has become the information backbone of the global economy (2009). The Internet makes it easy for buyers and sellers to conduct business without having to leave their home or office. Transportation technology has advanced with the development of containerization, superfreighters, and commercial jets. Commercial jets have reduced the time it takes to get from one place to another and containerization has lowered the cost of shipping goods around the world. * Effects of Globalization on Community  The values and norms of an individual’s culture are influenced by social structure, language, religion, and education. Class-conscious societies are characterized by low social mobility and a high degree of stratification while less class-conscious societies are characterized by a low degree of stratification and high social mobility. Language has spoken and unspoken dimensions and countries with more than one language have more than one culture. Formal education is a way individuals are socialized into the values and norms of a society through learned skills. Religion is a system of shared beliefs and rituals.

Christian Missionary Activity on Indigenous African Religion 1800

Christian Missionary Activity on Indigenous African Religion 1800 Introduction Religion is a very complex and wide issue. It can be defined as a set of beliefs in regard to the various aspects associated with the universe for example its cause, nature and purpose. The universe is perceived as the creation of a supernatural being and hence there are devotional practices and ritual performances that are directed towards the relationship between people and the superhuman being and a set of codes that oversee the way people attached to a certain religion behave.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Christian Missionary Activity on Indigenous African Religion 1800-1900s specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It can also be said to be a particular set of beliefs and practices established and approved by a group of individuals such as Islamic, Buddhist, and Christian religions. Various parties were involved with the changes that have been experienced in the indigenous African religion. Christian mis sionary is one major factor that cannot be underemphasized when talking about religion in Africa. This piece of work looks at the issue of Christian missionary activity on indigenous African religion in the 19th and 20th century. The focus will be on the extent to which Christian missionary activity effectively suppresses the religious traditions which in one way or the other strived to replace it. The focus will be on the Europeans experiences with indigenous African religions especially those in East Africa. Background information Traditional or indigenous religion has been there as long as human beings have lived. In Africa, it was orally transmitted as opposed to the use of the scripture. There has been not much distinction when it comes to concepts of Islam and Christianity in most parts of Africa. This is because these aspects usually co-exist with components of indigenous spirituality. Although there have been a controversy on whether Islam should be termed as a traditional r eligion, a significant number of people argue that it is a traditional African religion based on the fact that it not only co-exist in Africa but it has also been absorbed into the African culture. Christian religion is also not a new aspect but rather a concept that have existed for approximately 2000 years. It mainly entails following the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. Although the initial Christian church faced a lot of challenges and opposition from the Roman officials, Christianity spread rapidly. Right from the beginning, there was the belief that it is the responsibility of Christians to share their religious beliefs in an effort of converting others into Christianity. Starting from the early 19th century to the end of the 20th century, a significant number of Christian missionaries from different parts such as North America, Europe as well as West Indies was all over Africa. The work of Christian missionaries was enhanced in a way by the European colonialism. The main g oal of the missionaries was to spread Christianity as wide as possible through converting as many Africans as possible. This was made possible through teaching and preaching about Christianity1.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Discussion General Overview Christian missionary is an aspect that is highly associated with the changes that have taken place in the field of religion in different parts of Africa. A Christian missionary can be defined as a member of a Christian-related religious group or association who is sent in specific areas with an aim of perpetrating some evangelism services such as education and promotion of literacy, promoting some economic development, enhancing social justice in some settings and more so teaching religious issues to the communities. The teachings could either be aimed at converting the people to some beliefs and practices or else t o inform them so that they may make an informed decision in regard to religious practices. Christian missionary activity in African countries between the 19th and 20th centuries was not without some notable impacts but rather, some of its effects are still felt up to the present times. Just like any other aspect Christian missionary activity is linked with both positive as well as negative effects on many aspects more especially indigenous African religion. Although it is clear that there were positive changes brought about by the Christian missionary activity, it is much easier to spot the negative attributes for instance where the African were forced into some practices instead of being given the freedom to choose on how to live their religious lives. All in all, from the available literature on this topic of discussion, it is evident that there existed the concept of religious syncretism where there were instances of a variation of beliefs among the individuals involved. This is more so because of the diversity that exist among human beings making uniformity in ideas and perceptions to be somehow a hard concept to achieve. This difference helps in bringing out both positive as well as negative attributes that are associated with Christian missionary activity2. Although the Whites or rather the non-Africans were involved with most of the missionary related work especially the preaching of the gospel, the process was not effective until the Africans themselves were actively involved in the work, either voluntarily or under some pressures from the missionaries. This was more so when it came to the issue of preaching the gospel with the name of bringing about some desirable changes among the African communities, or rather changing some of the beliefs that were so much engraved into the indigenous African religious beliefs to fit the beliefs of the missionaries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Christian Missionary Activity on Indigenous African Religion 1800-1900s specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Missionary work through the Africans was deemed to be more effective than that perpetrated by the Whites since they were able to understand the Africans better and interact with them using their local languages. Some of the active African missionary groups include the National Baptist convention and the African Episcopal Methodists among other groups. In as much as there is usually a strong belief that Christianity brought about by missionaries was a form of suppression of the indigenous African religions, there was more to this as this research will clearly reveal to us. Much evident can also be deduced from the situation that prevails in religion today. There are still varied religious beliefs shaped by what different religious groups perceive to be right and wrong, based on some doctrinal backgrounds. Form this reason; we can therefore state that the Christian missionaries had both positive and negative effects towards the African religions although the positive impacts seem to surpass the negative ones. This is because the missionary activities were accompanied by a lot of social and economic developments. In the process of perpetrating their missions in different African countries, the missionaries faced some challenges in the form of rejection and resistance from the African. This can be drawn from the natural attitude exhibited by human beings as they tend to resist change mainly because of some doubt in a new aspect or else because of the fear of the unknown and the need to adapt to the changes. For this reason, we can find some instances where there existed different levels of conflict between the Christian missionaries and the Africans. Despite the conflicts, there still exist some instances of friendly coexistence between Christianity and the indigenous African religious traditions. The conflicts arose when the Christian missionaries decided to re voke traditional practices in an unruly manner rather than impacting sense into the Africans or incorporating the changes in the existing practices. Friendly coexistence on the other hand was experienced whenever there was mutual benefit to be achieved by parties, the missionaries and the Africans3. In order to gain a deeper understanding of this issue it is good to ask ourselves about the various issues and circumstances that surrounded the issue of conversion from traditional religious beliefs into the so called modernized Christian missionary beliefs. A brief analysis of the conversion process is also crucial.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conversion entails changing the traditional Africans and the Muslims into Christianity and their practices. Although the conversion process out to be a smooth one, without force, it was not the case but rather the missionaries opted to achieve their target and goals irrespective of the means they used without caring about the consequences involved. This left some people to suffer as a result of opposing what the missionaries wanted. From research, it is evident that the conversion processes was in most cases associated with a lot of evil, deception, persecution as well as exploitation. Despite this, we still cannot underemphasize the fact that the conversion also had some benefits. In as much this paper focuses on Christianity as the main religion of discussion, there is need to cover the concept of Islam especially in the in the context of being a product of slave trade in different parts of East Africa. Christianity has been associated with slave trade. For instance the Roman Cath olic Church and other protestant religious groups in Europe did not contest slave trade. Some even used the bible to base their arguments about slavery and slave trade. Muslims were however the majority of people who were on the receiving end. This does not however imply that Christians and members of other religions were not involved in the slavery trade. There has been great struggle between Christianity and Islam where the Christians usually perceive themselves to be more superior to the Muslims. For this reason, the Christians have been on the fight towards outdoing the Muslims in different ways especially through converting them into Christianity. However, it has not been a smooth move but rather one full of conflicts especially due to the fact that there are very parallel beliefs between the Islamic and Christianity religions. Each religion tries to defend itself based on the doctrinal beliefs and so the only solution left is to respect each other and look for ways through whi ch they can both co-exist in harmony and peace. This is part of exercising freedom of religion or rather worship. Nevertheless, with the passage of time some Christians were able to stand against slave trade. They strategically used the bible to oppose slavery as they could not really point out the scriptures that advocated for slavery. African Christians are also credited for their fight to abolish slavery. Through their anti-slavery movements, most slaves converted into Christianity and hence helping greatly to the achievement of the Christian missionaries’ main agenda. Following the existence of numerous changes that have taken place in the indigenous African religion as a result of Christian missionary activity, there has been a notable increase in the attempts to come up with a global church history that in one way or the other reflects the changed realities and at the same time, exposes all aspects that are associated with everything that surrounded the changes. Various writers have tried to bring out the issue in different perspectives all in an effort of enhancing understanding of the issue among people. For further understanding of the concept of Christianity, I would suggest that there be comprehensive comparative studies in the history of Christianity and its role in transforming the indigenous African religion4. Apart from discussing the topic in general I will take some African countries as examples to enhance our understanding in regard to the changes experienced in indigenous African religion as a result of the Christian missionary activity. Some of the countries that I will cover include Botswana, Zimbabwe as well as South Africa. Zimbabwe and Religion Just like any other, Traditional Zimbabwe religion is unique. What is clear is that the religion has a strong monotheistic profession of faith which is rooted in the belief of a Supreme creator or God. However, there has been a change that was brought out by the Christian missionary activi ty in the country. The faith that prevails among the communities in Zimbabwe is now melded into a part traditional and part Christian. The joint faith has gathered a lot of support from the local community. The traditional concept of this two-sided faith in Zimbabwe is entrenched in the custom of presenting all prayer needs to the supreme God mainly through the family ancestors. There was some form of opposition in the course of adapting the new beliefs that were brought about by the missionaries. A notable example was when the Ndebele took up arms against the European missionaries in the year 1986. This was after a consultation and agreement was made between priests and the so called oracles of ‘the place of the benevolent spirits’. The early Christian missionaries in this country realized the holiness of the Shona and Ndebele and more so the strong belief they had upon their God. For this reason, they opted to adopt the local concept into their scriptural teachings an d practices making it one and the same with the Christian faith. This made things better since the missionary Christianity did not seem to be a completely new concept and thus did not face a lot of opposition as a result of the change. There is a coexistence of the traditional religion and the modern Christianity concepts. A significant percentage of the country’s population has however believed in Christianity outright mainly the Roman Catholic. Nonetheless there are great followers of denominations such as the Anglican, Methodist, Seventh Day Adventists, Apostolic, Presbyterian, Salvation Army as well as Baptist. The first missionary stations were established in the year 1859 at Inyati and at hope fountain in 1870. The two were controlled by the London Missionary Society. Other mission centres followed as years passed by. The Zimbabweans took a relatively long time before they took charge of the missionary related activities such as teaching and preaching. Although Zimbabwe religion is dominated by Christianity, it also has some Hindus, Muslims and Jews5. Botswana and Religion This is a republic in central southern Africa. The first missionaries to perpetrate Christianity activity in Botswana were Elder Bruce Midgley and his wife by the name of Sister Patricia Midgley under the direction of Pres. R.J. Snow, the then South Africa Johannesburg Mission leader. Approximately 50 percent of the total population in Botswana is Christian. The missionaries considered Botswana to be a very promising country where the gospel would be easily spread and in future, many stations ought to be set up to reinforce Christianity missions. In a nutshell, despite the fact that Botswana cannot be claimed to be an absolute Christian country, it is evident that the Christian faith in the country has played a critical role in nation building through bringing about a lot of development projects as well as promoting high levels of education and literacy among the communities. Th e most notable Christian church in the country is the London Missionary Society/ the United Congregational Church of Southern Africa. This church among other religious groups greatly changed the beliefs that were engraved in the indigenous African religion. Christianity effects can also be felt in other sectors for instance the economy, politics as well as education. It also changed the way of life of the people in Botswana as they had changed perceptions towards various life issues. The London Missionary Society aimed at converting the Batswana to Christianity and thus they persuaded the people to do away with the traditional practices they were used to for instance polygamy, rain making, alcohol, witchcraft, initiation schools as well as dowry issues that in one way or the other contradicted with Christianity practices. Even currently, the United Congregational Church of Southern Africa (UCCSA) leads in various developmental projects in Botswana for instance in politics, education , health as well as politics6. South Africa and Religion South Africa was also not exempted from Christian missionary activity. Right towards the end of the 18th century, European missionaries played a pivotal role in the transformation of the African community in South Africa. Christianity in this region came along with other aspects of civilization and development. European missionary’s activity in South Africa is a concept that is very interesting in that it had a lot of contribution in the region. The missionaries for instance aimed at serving humanity and more so bringing about social and other changes aimed at improving their quality of life. They however had a negative side where they were so much into moral righteousness that they saw the Africans to be very wrong and judged their practices wrongly due to lack of understanding. It is important to note that missionaries and Christianity were accepted in South Africa as a result of the positive changes they were able to bring along for instance on the side of technological advancement like irrigation practices. It is also worth noting that it was not an easy aspect for the missionaries to covert the Africans in South Africa since most of them had other personal agendas such as the attainment of psychological security and to gain other material advantage other then spiritual reasons. Converts were also not appreciated by the rest of the society and for this reasons it took a relatively long time for the missionaries to reach their target in South Africa7. Conclusion From the above discussion, it is evident there exist a lot of discussion elements in relation to the topic of study; Christian Missionary Activity on Indigenous African Religion in the 19th and 20th centuries. The Christian missionaries are associated with bringing a lot of changes among the African communities not only in regard to religious issues but also when it comes to other general life aspects for instance literacy and education as well as economic developments among other aspects. All in all, Religion is a very complex and wide issue. Various parties were involved with the changes that have been experienced in the indigenous African religion, the Christian missionaries being a major element. The main goal of the missionaries was to spread Christianity as wide as possible through converting as many Africans as possible. This was made possible through teaching and preaching about Christianity among the local African communities. Although the Whites or rather the non-Africans were involved with most of the missionary related work especially the preaching of the gospel, the process was not effective until the Africans themselves were actively involved in the work, either voluntarily or under some pressures from the missionaries. The Africans are therefore deemed to have played a great role in effecting the changes that were experienced in the indigenous African religion. Bibliography Chidester, D. (2001). Chr istianity: A Global History. New York, Penguin. Chidester, D. (1996). Savage systems: colonialism and comparative religion in southern Africa. Cape Town, University Press of Virginia. Cool, E.D and Cool, M.S. (1990). â€Å"Missionary work begins in Botswana† Web. Zvobgo, J.M.C (1996). A History of Christian Missions in Zimbabwe, 1890-1939. Gweru, Mambo Press, Zambezia XXIV (ii) 412pp. Footnotes 1 D. Chidester (2001). Christianity: A Global History. New York, Penguin 2 D. Chidester (1996). Savage systems: colonialism and comparative religion in southern Africa. Cape Town, University Press of Virginia 3 D. Chidester (2001). Christianity: A Global History. New York, Penguin 4 D. Chidester (1996). Savage systems: colonialism and comparative religion in southern Africa. Cape Town, University Press of Virginia 5 J.M.C Zvobgo (1996). A History of Christian Missions in Zimbabwe, 1890-1939. Gweru, Mambo Press, Zambezia XXIV (ii) 412pp 6 E.D Cool and M.S. Cool (1990). â€Å"Missionary work begins in Botswana† 7 D. Chidester (1996). Savage systems: colonialism and comparative religion in southern Africa. Cape Town, University Press of Virginia

Holy Farm Management

Holy Farm Management Executive Summary The core business activity of Holy Farm was production and sale of milk and cereals. However, the revenues generated from these activities have since declined. In order to increase revenue, the farm was opened to the public. Members of the public were allowed to visit the farm at a fee. The main attraction at the farm includes the milking parlor where the visitors watch the milking process. The farm has a capacity of 250 visitors per day.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Holy Farm Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the owners of the farm have not been able to receive the required 250 visitors per day. Thus, their main concern is to increase the number of visitors to the farm. This objective can be achieved in the following ways. First, the farm can be opened for a longer period. In particular, it can be opened in all months instead of closing it from November to March. The farm can also be opened during Christmas and Easter holidays. Second, the number of visitors can be increased by organizing educational trips and special events such as dance and coach parties. Finally, more revenue can be generated by opening a souvenirs shop and a restaurant. These can be opened through outsourcing. Managing Processes Introduction Holy Farm initially focused on the production and sale of milk and cereals. Following a decline in profits from their core business activities, Holy Farm was opened up to the public in order to generate more revenue. Consequently, the owners of the farm constructed car parks. They also constructed a safe viewing area where the visitors can watch the milking process. Currently, the farm targets schools and the local community with its new services. The farm has a capacity of 250 visitors per day. However, the owners of Holy Farm are yet to realize the expected returns on their new venture (opening the farm to the public). In general, the number of people visiting the farm has been fluctuating. The demand for visits to the farm is high from April to October, and remains very low in other months. Consequently, the farm is often closed from November to March. The number of visitors is also very low during the week days. As a result, the farm is usually opened from Friday to Monday. The number of visitors received on Sundays and Saturdays is usually double the number of visitors who tour the farm on Monday and Friday. In light of these fluctuations, the owners of the farm intend to increase the number of visitors by 50%. However, the farm faces financial constraints and, thus, cannot depend on capital investment to increase its capacity. Consequently, the owners intend to increase the number of visitors through sales promotions and advertisements. In this paper, the current capacity of Holy Farm will be analyzed. The optimal ways of achieving the targeted capacity will then be discussed.Advertising Looking for essay on b usiness economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Current Capacity The productive capacity of a firm is the total amount of output in terms of goods and services it can produce within a given time period (Nigel, Alistair and Robert, 2011, p. 299). Potential capacity is the maximum amount of output that can be produced by the firm’s installed equipment and human resources (Clark and Robert, 2008, p. 45). Actual capacity is the actual amount of goods and services produced by the firm within a certain period. Thus, capacity utilization â€Å"is the percentage of the firm’s total possible production capacity that is actually being used†. Holy Farm’s owners invested in a milking parlor in which 150 cows can be milked using a slow-moving turntable. They also constructed a gallery to enable visitors to watch the milking process. 80 people per hour visited the gallery from 4.30pm to 7.00pm. This means t hat the milking parlor was open for two and half hours per day. Thus, the capacity can be calculated by multiplying 80 (visitors per hour) by two and half hours. The result which is 200 is divided by 80% to get 250 as the capacity or the maximum number of visitors who can tour the farm in a day. Thus, the farm’s monthly capacity can be illustrated in the graph below. The figures for each month are obtained as follows. In April, the total number of visitors is 1,200. By dividing 1,200 by 4, we get the number of visitors per week to be 300. In order to get the number of visitors per day, we divide 300 by 6 and get 50. Thus, the number of visitors on Monday and Friday is 50, while the number of visitors on Sundays and Saturday is 100. This is because the number of visitors on Sundays and Saturdays is double the number on Mondays and Fridays. In May, the total number of visitors is 1,800. Dividing 1,800 by 4 we get the weekly number of visitors to be 450. The number of visitors per day is obtained by dividing 450 by 6 to get 75. Thus, the number of visitors on Monday and Friday is 75, while the number of visitors on Sunday and Saturday is 150.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Holy Farm Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the month of June, the total number of visitors is 2,800. The number of visitors per week is obtained by dividing 2,800 by 4 to get 700. The number of visitors per week is obtained by dividing 700 by 6 to get 116.6. Since we can not get a fraction of a visitor we round off 116.6 to get 117. Thus, the number of visitors on Monday and Friday is 117, while the number of visitors on Sunday and Saturday is 234. The total number of visitors in the month of July is 3,200. By dividing 3,200 by 4 we get the number of visitors per week to be 800. By dividing 800 by 6 we get the daily number of visitors to be 133.3. This can be rounded so that we get 134 visitors per day. T hus, the number of visitors on Monday and Friday is 134 and the number of visitors on Sunday and Saturday is 268. In August, the total number of visitors is 3,400. By dividing 3,400 by 4 we get the weekly number of visitors to be 850. The daily number of visitors is obtained by dividing 850 by 6 to get 141.6. By rounding off 141.6 we get 142. Therefore, 142 visitors are received on Monday and Friday and 284 visitors are received on Sunday and Saturday. In September, the total number of visitors is 1,800. The weekly number of visitors is obtained by dividing 1,800 by 4 to get 450. The number of visitors per day is obtained by dividing 450 by 6 to get 75. Hence, the number of visitors on Monday and Friday is 75. However, on Sunday and Saturday, the number of visitors rises to 150 since the number of visitors for Sunday and Saturday is double the number of visitors for Monday and Friday. Finally, 600 visitors were received in October. The weekly number of visitors is obtained by dividi ng 600 by 4 to get 150. The daily number of visitors is obtained by dividing 150 by 6 to get 25. Hence, 25 visitors are received on Monday and Friday, while 50 visitors are received on Sunday and Saturday. The rate of capacity utilization has a direct bearing on the firm’s revenue and costs. In particular, the capacity utilization rate determines the amount of fixed costs per unit of a product or service (Betts, Meadws and Walley, 2000, pp. 185-196). The fixed costs per unit reduce as the firm increases the rate at which it uses its capacity. Thus, Holy Farm is likely to have the lowest cost of hosting visitors in August when demand is very high. Since the fixed costs are low and the revenue is high due to the increase in the number of visitors, the firm is likely to make high profits. From November to March when demand is very low, the fixed costs per unit are likely to be very high. Thus, the Farm is likely to make low profits or even loses since the fixed costs remain cons tant while the revenue reduces as the number of visitors reduces. The result of the capacity assessment shows that the farm has not been able to receive 250 visitors per day. Consequently, the owners of the farm must use available resources to increase the number of visitors to 250 per day.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More If the number of visitors is increased by 50%, the number of visitors touring the farm on monthly basis will increase as illustrated in graph 2 below. The number of people visiting the farm on a daily basis is calculated as follows. We multiply the daily number of visitors (current capacity) with 150 and then divide the result by 100. Thus, in April, 75 people will visit the farm on Monday and Friday. The number of visitors will increase to 150 on Sundays and Saturdays. Graph 2 In May, 112.5 visitors will be received on Friday and Monday while on Sunday and Saturday, the number of visitors will increase to 225. In the month of June, 175 people will visit the farm on Monday and Friday. However, on Sunday and Saturday, the number of visitors will increase to 350. In July, 200 people will visit the farm on Monday and Friday. On Sunday and Friday, the number of visitors will increase to 400. In August, the number of visitors received on Monday and Friday will be 212.5. However, on Sund ay and Saturday, the number of visitors will increase to 425. In September, the number of visitors will be 112.5 and 225 on Monday and Friday, as well as, Sunday and Saturday respectively. Finally, in October, the number of visitors will be 37.5 and 75 on Monday and Friday, as well as, Sunday and Friday respectively. The number of visitors can be increased through demand management since actual capacity is a direct function of the level of demand (Clark and Robert, 2008, p. 143). Demand Management Demand management involves influencing the level of demand for a given product or service in order to meet the sales target or the desired capacity utilization (Armistead and Clark, 1994, pp. 5-22). In the context of Holy Farm, demand management will involve increasing the demand for visits to the farm in order to meet the desired capacity utilization. Demand can be influenced through advertising and sales promotions (Croxton, Lambert and Rogers, 2002, pp. 51-66). Currently, the owners of Holy Farm intend to intensify their marketing initiatives. However, they face difficulties in identifying the customers to target with their advertising initiatives. The farm can focus on a specific market such as schools and reach them using the adverts and sales promotions. Capacity Management Capacity management involves planning for and controlling the existing capacity in order to achieve the desired level of operation (Coughlan and Coughlan, 2002, pp. 220-240). Planning and controlling capacity is the process through which effective capacity is set so that the firm’s operations can respond to changes in demand (Taylor, 2006, pp. 163-186). Planning, as well as, controlling capacity occurs both in the long-run and in the short-run (Diaz, Torre and Garcia, 2002, pp. 286-302). The full capacity utilization can be achieved in the following ways. First, the farm can be opened to the public for a longer period in order to increase revenue. For example, the farm can be opened f rom November to March instead of closing it during this period. Second, the farm owners should strengthen their relationships with schools. This can be achieved by organizing educational trips in the farm during the school days. The educational trips are likely to attract more customers since they are not only for entertainment, but also for learning among the school students. Additionally, the educational trips can help in increasing the midweek capacity utilization since the trips can always be organized on week days. Third, the firm can also increase sales to coach firms by organizing coach parties in the farm. Special events such as wedding parties can also be organized to attract more visitors. Fourth, the farm should be opened during special occasions and holidays. For example, the farm can be opened during Christmas and Easter holidays. Special events such as dance parties can also be offered during the holidays in order to attract more customers. Many people are likely to vi sit the farm during the holiday seasons since they have more time. Additionally, many people prefer to spend on leisure activities during the holidays (Taylor and Fearne, 2009, pp. 379-392). Finally, the farm can generate more revenue by opening a souvenirs shop and a restaurant. Since the farm has no resources for capital investment, the souvenirs shop and restaurant services can be outsourced. Queuing Queuing theory involves using quantitative techniques to analyze waiting lines and arrival at queues (Voss, Tsikriktsi and Frohlich, 2002, pp. 195-219). It enables mangers to analyze the efficiency of serving customers in a queue (Klassen and Rohleder, 2006, pp. 527-548). The rate of capacity utilization has a bearing on the waiting time or the time required to deliver services. In general, the waiting time increases as the rate of capacity utilization tends towards 100%. In the context of Holy Farm, queues are used to access services at the milking parlor. The milking parlor is ofte n opened at 4.30 pm. However, the visitors normally arrive at the gallery before 4.30 pm to watch the milking process. Consequently, queues usually build up at the gallery. The queues can be reduced or eliminated by opening the milking parlor earlier. The queues can also be reduced by reducing the waiting time. This can be achieved by reducing the time spend by each visitor to watch the milking process in the gallery. Conclusion Holy Farm was opened to the public after the revenue from milk and cereal production declined. The objective was to allow members of the public to tour the farm at a fee. This would enable the owners of the farm to generate more revenue. The farm has a capacity of 250 visitors per day. However, the farm has not been able to operate at the full capacity of 250 visits per day. Additionally, the farm is only opened to the public from April to October. Thus, the farm’s facilities are not used from September to March. In order to achieve the objective of g enerating more revenue, the owners of the farm intend to increase the number of visitors to the farm. This objective can be achieved by opening the farm for a longer period. For instance, the farm should be opened from September to March instead of closing it. Additionally, the farm should be opened during Christmas and Easter holidays. More revenue can be generated by opening a souvenirs shop and a restaurant. However, these services should be outsourced since the farm lacks resources for capital investment. References Armistead, C., and Clark, G., 1994. The Coping Capacity Management Strategy in Services and the Influence of Quality Performance. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 5(2), pp. 5-22. Betts, A., Meadws, M., and Walley, P., 2000. Call Centre Capacity Management. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 11(2), pp. 185-196. Clark, G., and Robert, J., 2008. Service Operations Management. New York: Prentice Hall. Coughlan, P., and Coughlan, D. , 2002. Action Research for Operations Management. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 22(2), pp. 220-240. Croxton, K., Lambert, D., and Rogers, D., 2002. The Demand Management Process. International Journal of Logistics Management, 13(2), pp. 51-66. Diaz, A., Torre, P., and Garcia, V., 2002. A Capacity Management Model in Services Industry. International Journal of Services Industry Management, 13(2), pp. 286-302. Edgar, D., 1997. Capacity Management in the Short Break Market. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 9(2), pp. 55-59. Greasley, A., 2007. Operations Management. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Klassen, K., and Rohleder, T., 2006. Demand and Capacity Management Decisions in Services: How they Impact on one another. International Journal of Operationas and Production Management, 22(5), pp. 527-548. Nigel, S., Alistair, B., and Robert, J., 2011. Essentials of Operations Management. New York: Prentice Hall. Pyscraft, M., 2000 . Operations Management. New York: Pearsons. Stevenson, W., 2009. Operations Managemnt. New York: Routledge. Taylor, D., 2006. Demand Management in Agri-Food Supply Chains. International Journal of Logistics Management, 17(2), pp. 163-186. Taylor, D., and Fearne, A., 2009. Demand Management in Fresh Food Value Chains:A Framework for Analysis and Improvement. International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 14(5), pp. 379-392. Voss, C., Tsikriktsi, N., and Frohlich, M., 2002. Case Reserach in Operations Management. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 22(2), pp. 195-219.

Relationship Between Law and History

Relationship Between Law and History The Roman law The Roman law was successfully codified to be in line with the roman customs. The coded form became one of the most valuable cultural heritages in medieval Europe, because it shaped the laws. The initial customary laws were efficiently transferred from one generation to another but created various conflicts over custom and human rights, since they were venerable to abuse by judges and favoured particular social classes.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Relationship Between Law and History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The customary laws come to existence through joint community suggestions; however, unilateral suggestions by individuals caused division along tribal lines and centuries. The law then developed through establishments by the praetor’s decrees as well as senate verifications or resolutions as well as opinions of lawyers/jurists. The judges would seek opinions of the jurists to make final judgements. The jurists ‘opinions therefore assisted in enhancing the law with the required quality. Various constitutions of the roman emperors also played significant roles in formation of the Roman law. The law generally provided a distinction between the concept of property ownership and possession. According to Stein (3), Roman law is very similar to many current codes since its supports that a property owner has a right over property and can use it for personal gain, but a possessor is only in control for a limited period of contract, lease, employment or commission. The first Roman emperor had an introductory law that was acceptable to many proceeding emperors. Contemporary civil systems therefore have a root on the Roman Emperor Law especially the juridical terminologies. The Hammurabi/Roman Law The Hammurabi/Roman Law that was practiced during the 8th Century by Babylon rulers indicated that a wrong act faced tough law, thus the â€Å"eye for an eye† application. The law was applied regardless of the victim gender. Problems on the subject of adultery meant that the victim had to prove his/her innocence before the priest by swearing. If found culprit of such acts, the victim would be forced to jump and drown in the sea. Although the rules of the society were harsh, such as support for divorce without considering reasons, a woman still had the right to claim share of the property as long as they had children with the husband. Failure to prove her innocence also indicated that the man had a right to keep her as a servant and fail to pay dowry. Serious cases were however dealt with by the courts and the outcome was a sentence to death through drowning. These were strict rules that various societies leant and implemented although the code differed from one to the other. The rule was an indication over the importance of regulating the society, for instance to ensure social order, legitimacy and proper administration of wealth. Variou s laws are extremely unique in their cultural settings, but have a close interconnection on these importance and reasons. Code of Hammurabi was an original establishment meant to ascertain order.Advertising Looking for term paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The law was however harsh, strict and made a distinction between the social-economic classes and social believe that the code came to reality from the sun gods as opposed to establishment by societal leaders. A common aspect of the law was fairness or just treatment for everyone in the society. Code of Hammurabi made the society to be a culture made by people and their achievements through thoughts or physical existence. It included both the mental and physical resources that integrated beliefs, customs and values into a common system. This code provided evidence that the law gives people a sense of identity, security, continuity and dignity. Law r epresents the religious society made of perpetually dynamic individuals, groups, or associations (Stein, 31). Most problems in the society regard knowledge or faithfulness between social-economic values and culture. We fail to administer the law because culture involves achievements. Today’s society is not only about growth but is concern with material achievements and system governance. According to Stein (28), societies have a culture that assimilates various aspects, provides the procedures and specifications of engaging societal believes and promote ethics. Work Cited Stein, Peter. Roman Law in European History. London, UK: Cambridge Press Printers. 2005. Press.

Who is to blame Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Who is to blame - Essay Example GMOs are known to increase productivity and this can affect the way people will be able to access the food, both economically and even geographically. In today’s world, food insecurity comes in two folds. First, t has to do with lack of access. A lot of people (about 10% of the total world population) cannot access food because they don’t have food in their geographical location (Young, 2004). This aspect of food security is attributed to logistics that are supposed to help people access food. This happens to people even in the developed world. For instance, in the United States, there are those places which are referred to as food deserts due to the fact that they cannot access food and have to travel far to be able to access the food. GMOs can help to solve the aspect of food insect that is cause by geographical barriers. This is because it GMOs can be produced in region when the normal crops cannot be produced. GMOs are in most cases designed to be draught resistant and pest resistant. Because of this, when a crop is genetically engineered to resist draught and pests, this means that they can be produced when it was once hard to produce them. For instance, the arid and semi arid regions can now be able to produce food using GMOs which are drought resistant. This increases food security both forth actual people who are able involved in producing this food and also for the people who are the end customers such s those living in urban centers. While GMO enthusiasts look at how GMOs will increase food security in the word, those who are against GMOs look on the food safety issues. They believe that GMOs pose a huge threat to food safety. Although food security refers to the availability of food for everyone to cover their daily intake of calories, food safety refers to how consumption friendly food is (Jumba, 2010). While there may be enough food for everybody, it is

Investigative report Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Investigative report Assignment - Research Paper Example There are a large number of details which are pouring in to certify that there has been attack on the protestors of Qhadafi and the fact that he has done intense murders to signify his position as the strong man in the State of Libya. â€Å"A three-member international panel arrived in Libya today to begin a United Nations-ordered inquiry into the violence and human rights abuses in the North African country since forces supporting Muammar al-Qadhafi began a crackdown against protesters earlier this year.† The team which belongs to the United Nations said that there are not enough numbers on the deaths of the people but it looks like that more than a hundred thousand have lost their lives and approximately seven hundred thousands fled Libya. It all began as a peaceful protest against the camp of Qhadafi turned into a violent armed conflict between the protestors and his people. There were a large number of people who were involved in the protest and it has come to the surprise of many Libyans that why the protest which started off so peacefully did has turned out to be violent in nature. One of the answers to this could be the fact that the Qhadafi camp was not willing to allow any kind of mass movements against its camp. It was however understood by the leadership that they should give it some time to boil down, as they anticipated that protest like these would eventually fade out without having any stake. However, that did not happen, instead, more and more people joined the protest which was a clear indication that people did not appreciate the functioning of Qhadafi and wanted and ouster of him and his camp from the establishment. After Qhadafi came to realise this aspect of the protest, he quickly turned to violent means to kill the protest which was keeping his position in the establishment in jeopardy. â€Å"The General Assembly suspended Libya’s membership in the Human Rights Council last month in the wake of the violent repression of the protesters, and the Security Council later authorized Member States to take â€Å"all necessary measures† to protect civilians.† This comes as a shock to Libya which is going under severe crisis due to the fight between the protestors and the established camp. Ethnic Cleansing and genocide in Tawergha: It is reported by the Human Rights Investigation that the people in the region of Tawergha have been ethnically cleansed by the establishment under heinous circumstances. â€Å"Human Rights Investigations has been following the situation of the Tawergha closely and here we draw the information together and find, based on the reports of witnesses, journalists and human rights workers, the situation of the Tawergha is not just one of ethnic cleansing but, according to the legal definition, genocide.† This is a prime case of genocide in the region and calls for drastic measures by the human rights organization to help the people of Tawergha from man slaughter. Let us look at the Genocide convention to understand the meaning of Human Rights violation: â€Å"any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group as such: 1. Killing members of the group; 2. Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the gr

Political Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Political Violence - Essay Example The concept of â€Å"internal enemy† was significantly applied during the cold war period. The concept was applied in countries such as Guatemala, Chile, and El Salvador. In Guatemala, the concept was applied to overturn the regime that was seen as leaning towards communism. The concept was successful in the removal of Col. Jacobo Arbenz from power (Byrne 6). Moreover, the idea led to training of people that could topple the regime. On the other hand, the concept was well applied in Chile. In Chile, the concept led to destabilization of Allende government that was successful elected. The concept also led to the elimination of those people that were seen as being leftist. Most of the people were killed and detained in the country (Byrne 8). Additionally, in El Salvador, the concept provided a way in which to train police and military force inn the country to play a role in countering of insurgency. The forces played a significant role in killing of a large number of people in t he 70s and the 1980s (Byrne 10). The political repression in these three countries targeted those that were seen as leftist or supporting communism. In addition, repression led to the elimination of those opposed to democratic ideas. In conclusion, it is clear that United States contributed significantly to destabilization Latin America during cold war period. The destabilization continues to be experienced in the region until

Assingment 8 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assingment 8 - Assignment Example They should, therefore, be given a second chance. Additionally, just as we cannot treat juveniles as adults when matters such as voting and employment are concerned, there is no reason to treat them as adults when it comes to more delicate issues such as violation of the law. An ostensible fact is that juveniles are immature and no reasoning can justify the aspect of treating them as adults in a court or prison (LawyerShop, 2008). Treating them as adults only ruins a potentially beneficial youth and expose them to unwarranted health risks such as sexual harassment. Proving my answer: The current population strives so much to attain equality. No matter the age, a minor is capable of differentiating good from bad. The juvenile is not insane and hence should be treated like an adult when it comes to criminal cases. Equality is the air that we are breathing. Regardless of who does the offense, justice must prevail and the juvenile offender should not prevaricate punishment. Anybody who commits crime is a criminal; the mere fact that they are juveniles does not diminish the effect of the delinquency on the victim. Criminals are all over our neighborhood living happy and peaceful bliss while their victims and families of the victims are left in unfathomable suffering forever (Flowers, 2002). There is, therefore, no reason to exercise some degree of mercy when convicting juveniles since that will not help in reducing the crime rate. Refuting other possible answers: I strongly believe that with the current advent of technology, people are brighter than you can expect and very smart intellectually. Juveniles engage in crime knowingly a fact that can be supported by the 12 % social recidivism rate among juvenile offenders (Steinberget al., 2015). What’s more, some juveniles simply enjoy engaging in crimes such as rape and murder. Rapists, murderers and other convicts are being released from jail

Online Auction Fraud Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Online Auction Fraud - Research Paper Example After the invention of the computer, various networks were made to ensure the computers were able to communicate with each other. As time progressed, developments were achieved in the application of the internet in business transactions but the systems in place were not in a capacity to handle all the needs. This provided loopholes for the commission of internet crimes by criminals, as they would hide the identity while undertaking their attacks thus leaving limited evidence of themselves. In mid-1990’s, the internet frauds had increased to alarming rates and researches on the causes of the rapid growth and how it could be curbed were conducted. During the period towards the end of the twentieth century, the â€Å"dot.com† era, which was manifested by increased use of internet by organizations and people, resulted in increase of internet fraud. Due to the continuous technological advancement, the internet frauds have been on the increase with the current number of fraud s being around three times those conducted in mid-1990. There are two types of internet fraud namely offline and online. In offline fraud, the criminal usually steal personal data mostly financial and use it to make transactions. In the online fraud, criminals pose as esteemed institution and thus receive personal data, which they illegally use to make transaction. Some of the commonly used internet fraud include international modem dialer, investment schemes, fake legal schemes, market manipulation; work at home schemes, pharming, phishing, auction, and online shopping. This paper seeks to give an in-depth analysis of auction internet fraud. Online Auction Fraud Due to the continuous technological development, the internet has provided a platform in which direct interaction of the buyer and the seller is not necessary for a transaction to be effectively completed. Criminal have used advantage of this where they misrepresent a product advertised for sale through the internet auction site, fail to deliver the item, or deliver an item but not as specified by the customer after receiving all the money as stipulated in their agreement with the customers. This is usually defined as online auction fraud. To avoid one being a victim of such activities, it is often advisable to undertake a business transaction with companies or individuals one is well conversant with, clearly understand the contract terms, read the privacy policy and use the most secure means of remitting personal information (Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 2006). Methods of victimization Since the internet auction process involves bidding by the interested parties, some people use this opportunity to victimize their target customers. Some of the most commonly used victimization methods include: Non-delivery- this usually occurs when one puts an item for bid whereas no such item exists. Therefore, despite the customer satisfying all the conditions set, he will never get the item (Anon, 2009.). During the transaction, the sellers get the financial details of the customer and thus may use them to exploit him/her further. Misrepresentation- this is mainly executed by altering the actual details of an item in order to win a customer. In most cases, the images are used since they can easily be manipulated. Triangulation- this is somehow technical and involves a person buying something from an online seller using stolen details.  

Geico Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Geico Case Study - Essay Example Of a lot number of benefits, even few elements shall bring, aspirants, home about the benefits they can enjoy. Health and well being, that is in itself a complete program, is a well designed plan for its associates. The well being and health of the full time associate is covered 360 degrees making it perfect set of benefits. Education and training program, with, GEICO, is a lifelong learning opportunity that cares for career development coupled with trainings, tuition reimbursements and even family scholarships. Finance and retirement benefits are reinforced by astounding plan of profit sharing and variety of plans with over 20 investment options. For holidays and other leaves GEICO provides a plan that can help contentment for its associates. Similarly, family and life program and other perquisites along with a bunch of amenities are a great convenience. At GEICO the notion that family requirements should be understood to create affinity among the company and the associate is a way to integrate its associate well. The dependents of associates are also cared for and numbers of programs have been formed for the purpose. In these programs, long term care insurance plan, adoption assistance, associate assistance program are few that need a mention. Under associate assistance program GEICO provides up to three phone and/or in-person counseling sessions without any cost. AAP also includes work-life balance programs, baby welcome program, day care and elder care referrals, counseling for stress, anxiety and depression, and financial counseling, aid during crisis situation and legal consultation. To evaluate such perks are not only important for integrating its associates with the company, but also to make them realize that the relationship is symbiotic. In this paper a comparison of GEICO Total Rewards Program is being made with top advantages of Total Rewards program. Total Rewards program is now, known as an integrated part of HR best practices with a view of emplo yee retention and satisfaction. The World-at-Work Handbook of Compensation, Benefits & Total Rewards by John Wiley is perhaps a definitive guide to compensation and benefits from modern HR professionals. In accordance with the best practices, the management must be vigilant enough to attract, motivate and retain quality employees. This manual provides for an indispensable method to make HR professionals comprehend and implement Total Rewards concept (Bus.iastate.edu). GEICO plan in comparison to Total Rewards Program: In Total Rewards program organizational culture, business strategy and Human Resource strategy are key players that shape overall planning, initiated through this program. It includes above mentioned plans that primarily attract, motivate and retain employees. It is an employee centric program that causes satisfaction and dedication only for the purpose of better business and performance results. It can be seen from the offers under this GEICO Total Rewards Plan that t he initiative is more likely to achieve â€Å"benchmark and standards of Total Rewards Plan†. They are far sighting and can be termed as closer to an excellent level (Awlp.org). To analyze the program, let us see the advantages that are important for an organization to maintain its integrity and lead: No single element is left isolated, meaning that all elements are taken care of, yet certain â€Å"elements are prioritized†

Assingment 8 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assingment 8 - Assignment Example They should, therefore, be given a second chance. Additionally, just as we cannot treat juveniles as adults when matters such as voting and employment are concerned, there is no reason to treat them as adults when it comes to more delicate issues such as violation of the law. An ostensible fact is that juveniles are immature and no reasoning can justify the aspect of treating them as adults in a court or prison (LawyerShop, 2008). Treating them as adults only ruins a potentially beneficial youth and expose them to unwarranted health risks such as sexual harassment. Proving my answer: The current population strives so much to attain equality. No matter the age, a minor is capable of differentiating good from bad. The juvenile is not insane and hence should be treated like an adult when it comes to criminal cases. Equality is the air that we are breathing. Regardless of who does the offense, justice must prevail and the juvenile offender should not prevaricate punishment. Anybody who commits crime is a criminal; the mere fact that they are juveniles does not diminish the effect of the delinquency on the victim. Criminals are all over our neighborhood living happy and peaceful bliss while their victims and families of the victims are left in unfathomable suffering forever (Flowers, 2002). There is, therefore, no reason to exercise some degree of mercy when convicting juveniles since that will not help in reducing the crime rate. Refuting other possible answers: I strongly believe that with the current advent of technology, people are brighter than you can expect and very smart intellectually. Juveniles engage in crime knowingly a fact that can be supported by the 12 % social recidivism rate among juvenile offenders (Steinberget al., 2015). What’s more, some juveniles simply enjoy engaging in crimes such as rape and murder. Rapists, murderers and other convicts are being released from jail